Contract Law Legally Enforcable Law

Question: Examine about the Report for Contract Law of Legally Enforcable Law. Answer: 1. Issue To discover the nearness of thought to establish an enforceable understanding for Jack according to the data gave. Law/Rule An understanding can be named as legitimately enforceable, just if both the people are engaged with the substantial thought for the order of the agreement. There are two fundamental segments which are required in the development of a substantial understanding for example substantial offer and legitimate acknowledgment. The procedure for the authorization of the understanding beginnings with the offer made by the offeror with the other party known as offeree (Latimer, 2005). In the wake of getting the offer, the offeree must react to the offeror as far as the acknowledgment towards the offer. The offer gets legitimate, when it got by the offeree and the acknowledgment gets substantial, when it is effectively acknowledged by the first offeror without conditions. In the event that the offeree sends the acknowledgment with certain conditions, at that point this is called counteroffer. At the point when the two gatherings complete this offer and acknowledgment process, at that point the o ffer turns out to be legitimately substantial and is called legal understanding (Lindgren, 2011). In the order of enforceable understanding, the promisor makes guarantee with the other party (promisee), when the promisee gives a critical legitimate thought to the promisor and promisor acknowledges the thought. At exactly that point, the authorization of the understanding gets lawful under precedent-based law (Harvey, 2009). Subsequently, the agreement gets enforceable for the promisee and must be authoritative on the promisor. As indicated by the standards of the customary law, if guarantees don't have thought, they will be named as unnecessary guarantees and won't be at risk for the institution of the legitimate understanding (Pathinayake, 2014). Subsequently, it is explicitly necessitated that the promisor must not give any unnecessary guarantee to the promisee, in any case an enforceable agreement would not be shaped because of the absence of thought. Ampleness or uniformity of the thought doesn't influence the sanctioning of the understanding or agreement. The main significan t angle is that thought ought to be satisfactory in the assessment of the gatherings which are really ordering the understanding (Davenport Parker, 2014). Application The basic issue for this situation is fundamentally identified with the nearness of the legitimate thought. On the off chance that Jane gives a legitimate thought to Jack, at that point just the enforceable understanding is authoritative on Jane. In the primary situation, Jane is going abroad and thus, she enthusiastically offers her Lotus Super 7 Sports vehicle to Jack. The market cost of same kind of the vehicle is around $25,000. According to the featured piece of the agreement law, any understanding can be treated as legal enforceable understanding, just if the legitimate thought is available between both the gatherings. The nearness of the thought can be found with some worth, which is offered by the promisor to the promisee. This estimation of the thought will be the basic boundary to confirm that whether the understanding is lawfully enforceable for promisee. In present case, Jane has not offered any sort of thought to Jack and furthermore Jack has acknowledged the proposal wi th no further counteroffer. Thus, there is absence of thought in the piece of Jane as she has not referenced any thought esteem, regardless of the market cost of the vehicle. Along these lines, as per the standards of unnecessary guarantees, the absence of thought will result the consent to not be lawfully implemented by Jack in any conditions. For this situation, Jane has made a proposal to sell her Lotus Super 7 Sports vehicle to Jack with the measure of $25,000. This offered sum is same as the market worth of the vehicle which is $25,000. Jack has acknowledged the proposal from Jane and prepared to pay her $25,000 for the vehicle. This case is having all the essential estimates that required for the institution of the substantial understanding as Substantial offer made by Jane Legal thought is available as Jane unmistakably expresses the measure of thought of $25,000 Substantial acknowledgment made by Jack without counter proposal with the acknowledgment of the thought estimation of $25,000 Thusly, for this situation, both the gatherings are readily associated with the order of the agreement with the legitimate offer, acknowledgment and furthermore with the lawfully substantial thought, subsequently the understanding made between the gatherings is lawfully enforceable for Jack. Additionally the agreement is enforceable authoritative on the promisor (Jane). For this situation, Jane has offered to sell her Lotus Sport 7 Sports vehicle to Jack with an expense of $2,500. In any case, she realizes that the market cost of a similar kind of vehicle is $25,000 still she offers the vehicle with vey less thought esteem. For this situation likewise, Jack has acknowledged the thought an incentive with no counteroffer. Here, rule of thought of ampleness is appropriate which says that for the sanctioning of any understanding, legitimate thought is required, the estimation of the thought either progressively, less or hundred % sufficiency isn't significant. A case can be considered to clarify the ampleness of the thought that in the heighted part of the judgment of the Chappell v Nestle (1960) case that sufficiency isn't required for the authorization of the agreement even a clear coverings of a chocolate can be treated as substantial thought (Carter, 2012). Subsequently, same for this situation, the measure of $2,500 is treated as a legitimate thoug ht and results the enforceable understanding for Jack regardless of the genuine market worth of the vehicle. End The conversation above plainly shows that there is no enforceable understanding when Jane offers the vehicle for nothing, be that as it may, in different cases as thought is available, thus enforceable understanding exists. 2. Issue The given case manages an agreement for big hauler set by North Ocean Tankers (alluded to as purchaser) with a shipbuilder (alluded to as dealer). During execution of agreement, there is money debasement of USD and this brought about interest for gradual installment as much as $ 3 million from the purchaser. The purchaser at first fought as this installment was not lawfully resultant from the agreement terms. In any case, the purchaser just concurred at the danger of the vender enjoying break of agreement by halting the structure procedure. The purchaser required conveyance of big hauler on time due to earlier responsibility to a client and in this manner concurred for additional installment. In any case, following nine months after conveyance, the purchaser looks to recoup that cash. The center issue is to remark on whether the purchaser would be fruitful in the case or not. Law/Rule Shared assent is a key thought for contract sanctioning. Basically, in includes that the assent for specific terms and conditions expressed in the agreement ought not be gotten using any danger which would bring about naming the resultant understanding as automatic understanding. According to precedent-based law, the guideline of shared assent is consecrated not just at the execution of the first agreement yet in addition with respect to any ensuing changes in the agreement statements (Davenport Parker, 2014). Coercion as an idea alludes to automatic assent got through the utilization of danger as the fundamental empowering agent. Pressure isn't equivalent to undue impact and recognizing the two is basic. Further, a basic condition which should be fulfilled for expanding pressure as a resistance is that the utilization of danger brought about acknowledgment of any interest on promisors end which without danger would have been declined. Coercion commonly happens when one of the gatherings is in a predominant position which drives the other party helpless before the prevailing party (Carter, 2012). Pressure regularly might be physical or monetary relying on the basic methods used to compromise. For quite a while, the domain of pressure was restricted distinctly to the physical ambit however during the last a few decades, the ambit has been adjusted to incorporate the occasions of financial force being manhandled to acquire automatic assent (Edlin, 2007). In this way, monetary pressure might be characterized as the utilization of financial danger by the promisee put in a monetarily prevailing position in order to compel the promisor to give a guarantee that is negative to the interests of the promisor (Andrews, 2011). So as to recognize the nearness the monetary pressure, there are sure components that should be available. The utilization of financial danger must be there which regularly could as agreement break with the intension of driving the promisor into understanding. The promisor has no other choice aside from concurrence with the promisees request. Likewise, the dedication gave by the promisor under danger clears path for the advancement of authoritative relations between parties. Thus, the promisor encounters monetary misery (Harvey, 2009). On the off chance that the above components are without a doubt present, at that point it might be inferred that financial pressure is undoubtedly present. In nearness of financial pressure, the agreement could be made invalid and void if the promisor wants so. Be that as it may, the promisor should practice this privilege during sensible time period. Non-exercise of this privilege or documenting lawful case for recuperation of invalid worries during sensible time would prompt an understood supposition that agreement is adequate to the promisor (Lindgren, 2011). This was the focal subject of the North Ocean Shipping v Hyundai Construction (The Atlantic Baron)[1979] QB 705 case which can go about as a powerful point of reference for this situation (Carter, 2012). The above case depended on a business contract executed between a development organization and a purchaser for development of a boat. Post the institution of agreement, there was money downgrading which put the development organization in monetarily negative position. To recover the possible misfortunes, additional installment to the tune of unfriendly development was requested by the development organization which hesitantly was consented to after the organization took steps to drop the agreement. The purchaser had arranged an agreement with a custome

Why The North Won The Civil War Essays (2763 words) -

Why the North won the Civil War You Are Bound to Fail. Association official William Tecumseh Sherman to a Southern companion: In all history, no country of insignificant agriculturists ever made fruitful war against a country of mechanics. . .. You will undoubtedly come up short. (Catton, Glory Road 241) The American before the war South, however saturated proudly and brought up in military convention, was to be no counterpart for the expanding predominance of the quickly growing North in the coming Civil War. The absence of accentuation on assembling and business enthusiasm, coming from the Southern want to save their customary agrarian culture, given up toward the North their capacity to work autonomously, much less to take up arms. It was neither Northern soldiers nor officers that won the Civil War, rather Northern firearms and industry. From the beginning of war, the Union had clear favorable circumstances. Simply, the North had a lot of pretty much everything that the South did not, flaunting assets that the Confederacy had even no methods for achieving (See Appendices, Brinkley et al. 415). Sheer labor proportions were incredibly uneven, with just nine of the country's 31 million occupants dwelling in the withdrawing states (Angle 7). The Union moreover had a lot of land accessible for developing food crops which served the double motivation behind giving food to its eager officers and cash for its ever-developing businesses. The South, then again, dedicated most of what arable land it had solely to its principle money crop: cotton (Catton, The Coming Fury 38). Crude materials were primarily moved in Northern mines and refining businesses. Railways and transmit lines, the genuine life savers of any military, followed ways all over the Northern wide open however left the South disengaged, obsolete, what's more, starving (See Appendices). The last passing toll for a cutting edge South created as monetary imperialism. The Confederates were very ready to sell what minimal crude materials they had to Northern Industry for any benefit they could get. Much to their dismay, Ruler Cotton could get them time, yet not the war. The South had dealt something that maybe it had not proposed: its autonomy (Catton, Reflections 143). The North's ever-developing industry was a significant enhancement to its prudent predominance of the South. Between the long stretches of 1840 and 1860, American industry saw sharp and consistent development. In 1840 the complete worth of merchandise made in the United States remained at $483 million, expanding over fourfold by 1860 to just shy of $2 billion, with the North taking the fortune (Brinkley et al. 312). The fundamental purpose for this emotional development can be followed straightforwardly to the American Industrial Revolution. Starting in the mid 1800s, hints of the modern transformation in Britain started to seep into a few parts of the American culture. One of the principal enterprises to see snappy improvement was the material industry, at the same time, because of the British government, this advancement nearly never happened. A long time prior, England's James Watt had created the principal fruitful steam motor. This innovation, combined with the birth of James Hargreaves' turning jenny, totally changed the English material industry, and in the end made it the most beneficial in the world (Industrial Revolution). The British government, stingy with its recently discovered information on apparatus, endeavored to secure the country's assembling superiority by forestalling the fare of material apparatus and even the migration of talented mechanics. In spite of valiant endeavors at prevention, however, numerous workers oversaw to advance into the United States with the propelled information on English innovation, and they were on edge to familiarize America with the new machines (Furnas 303). Also, familiarize the Americans they did: all the more explicitly, New England Americans. It was individuals like Samuel Slater who can be credited with starting the unrest of the material business in America. A talented repairman in England, Slater spent extended periods of time reading the schematics for the turning jenny until at last he not, at this point required them. He emigrated to Pawtucket, Rhode Island, and there, along with a Quaker trader by the name of Moses Brown, he constructed a turning jenny from memory (Furnas 303). This pitiful factory would later get known as the first present day plant in America. It would likewise get known as the point at which the North started its financial control of the Confederacy. Albeit delayed to acknowledge change, The South was not so much unaffected by the beginning of the Industrial Revolution. Another creator by the name of Eli Whitney set out in 1793 to upset the Southern cotton industry. Whitney was filling in as a mentor for a manor proprietor in Georgia (he was additionally, amusingly, brought up in New England)

Parliamo Italiano!

Parliamo Italiano! This IAP I took Italian I, and it was basically awesome. You might be wondering about MITs language department, considering that.its MIT, and languages dont involve math and all. First of all, I can reassure you that MIT does have humanities classes, and a lot of them are pretty awesome. In fact, MIT has one of the best political science programs around. For example. But this entry is about languages. Unfortunately, MITs selection is pretty limited, but the classes are still great. (We only offer Chinese, ESL, French, German, Japanese, Spanish, and only one level of Italian is offered, and only over IAP.) The very first humanities course I took here my first semester was 21F.716, Introduction to Contemporary Hispanic Literature. We read a different book each week (Bodas de Sangre, La Nada Cotidiana, La Plaza del Diamante, El Beso de la Mujer Arana, and a few others) and discussed them. As you might have figured out, the class was held entirely in Spanish, so it was pretty advanced, but I enjoyed it a lot. Knowing Spanish has made learning Italian both easier and more difficult at the same time. Its easier because Romance languages have a lot of similarities, so Im already used to conjugating verbs and making nouns and adjectives agree in number and gender. Plus, Italian and Spanish are even more similar than almost any other pair of Romance languages. There are words which are identical except for the spelling, conjugations which differ only slightly, and very similar idiomatic expressions. At the same time, this makes it difficult: because a lot of things are so close to each other that I often forget which is which. A perfect example: the word and in Spanish is y (pronounced like a long E), while the word and in Italian is e (pronounced like a long A). You can imagine that I mix these two up quite a lot. Throw in de/di, se/si, and so on, and you can see how this might get annoying. But, the class was still awesome, and I will hopefully be using my knowledge when I visit Rome for 2 days this spring. Or, maybe I should say, hopefully I learned enough to get around Rome for 2 days this spring. Anyway, like all good language courses, there is a listening component. And like all introductory language courses, theres that awful video series of 2 people (one male, one female) traveling around the country where the language originated making overly dramatic but grammatically simple statements. But we didnt use these materials in class- they were part of our homework assignments. So how did we access them? The LLARC- the Language Learning and Resource Center is a familiar place to all who study language at MIT. Right outside the LLARC theres a lounge, which is obviously cool because it has laser discs on the walls. I mean, come on. Thats awesome. Also, theres a television which is always set to some foreign language channel or another. The LLARC has audio tapes for all of the various language textbooks used at MIT: And individual tape recorders you can use to listen to them. Heres what it looked like when I was doing Italian listening assignments: There are also video monitors and computer stations for watching videos and doing computer based learning activities, and the walls are decorated with foreign film posters. There are also a couple of conference rooms which you can use to watch a foreign language film with some friends, or your whole class. The textbook videos, along with a whole selection of other materials in each of the languages offerred, can be checked out from the front desk: Plus, French comics! Learning language through media is pretty awesome. Every day in Italian class, our professor would show us another Italian music video, and we would challenge ourselves to see how many words we recognized in each one. Then shed hand out the lyrics and wed go over them together, learning to translate the whole thing. Once we even watched a commercial for coca cola (which was hilarious), and a scene from 90210 which had been dubbed into Italian. But by far the most awesome and class favorite video was Lunapops 50 Special. Its about a guy who wants a Vespa. Its amazing. Watch it once, and youll be hooked. Promise. I mean, its Italian pop music! Whats not to love? Who ever knew YouTube would be such a great learning tool? (Dont tell Snively. Hed never see the sun again.) Plus, completely not related: This is totally going to start up a huge gender/affirmative action war, but dude. Hilarious.

Education Is The Most Modern Means Of Learning - 778 Words

I have formulated a philosophy of teaching statement with the foundation that that the student is the center of attention. My philosophy is also in-line with Merriam and Brockett (2009), where according to them, the progressive philosophy is where it places more value in knowledge derived from observation and experience than it does from tradition and authority (p. 35). In this respect, I believe that study and knowledge is critical to solving a problem or correcting a situation within adult education. Online courses are now starting to prevail over traditional college education and my vision for future education derives on the idea that companies and businesses will start directing education institutions with material that are in-line with such businesses. Vision of future education Online education is the most modern means of learning. As technology advances, educators, students and companies will be able to tailor their curriculum based on the needs of the student’s future goals that align with the companies or businesses they are prepping for. Companies will sponsor courses and create a skilled workforce for specific positions in that company. The online learning environment will refer to the stimulus provided to the students for learning through the company’s needs. Razik and Swanson state that now is a time when educational institutions require intelligent, informed, imaginative, creative, and effective leadership (p. 3). I believe that these assets can beShow MoreRelatedTeaching And Learning Environments At The New Zealand Education System Essay1735 Words   |  7 Pagesand learning is a pivotal process that is constantly evolving. 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These researches has given us three results: 1) Some research has shown a dramatic difference between the schools in the past and now. 2) What Is Successful Technology Integration? 3) However, some of researches indicate to several difficulties and disadvantages that associated with using technology. What Is Successful Technology Integration? The education in the era of informationRead MoreEssay about Online Education Versus Traditional Education954 Words   |  4 Pagesdivided in two different ways of thinking on the education. Some believe the modern method is better than the traditional method of teaching. Personally, I believe both methods should balance one another instead of attempting to substitute one another; this way their purpose of educating will be far more successful. Online education, also called long distant learning, can be defined as a new method of learning through a computer network. 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Modern technology hasn’t always been a mainstay in the classroom, but in recent decades our education system has been reforming to rely more heavily on technology to create a better learning environment for all studentsRead MoreEnhancing Education Through Technology Act923 Words   |  4 Pagesyou don t understand the complicated course material? The Enhancing Education Through Technology Act will allow students to comprehend course content better as well as prepare them for the trials of the modernized world. One may ask, what is the Enhancing Education Through Technology Act? The Enhancing Education Through Technology Act is aimed to aid student performance by using the advanced technology we have in this modern era. This act will also give students the chance to be proficient in ourRead MoreTraditional Education And Online Education926 Words   |  4 PagesOnline or Traditional Education Imagine that someone studies and has a neighbor in the same age. They study in together until high school. Someone continues to go to university but his neighbor decides to stay at home. They finally graduate and discover that his neighbor also graduate. Here will be there a lot of the questions beginning revolve in his head. How does his neighbor graduate and not go to school? The answer is an easy. His neighbor benefited from technology in education. This is technologyRead MoreTechnology And Its Impact On Society1198 Words   |  5 Pagesaccomplish specific tasks or interests. Modern technology increases human capabilities and this technology has evolved with years. Technology simplifies life in so many ways and everyone defines technology in their own way. They’re new types of technology on the market, this technology simplifies our daily lives. They’re endless demands as consumers of technology, people use technology to accomplish simple tasks every day. Technology ’s used in business, education, communication, healthcare, entertainment

Article Review Criminology By Anthony Walsh, And Craig...

the book Introduction to Criminology written by Anthony Walsh, and Craig Hemmens, there were numerous articles to choice from at the end of each respective section. The one that stood out the utmost was, Violent Victimization as a Risk Factor for Violent Offending Among Juveniles written by Jennifer N. Shaffer and R. Barry Ruback. In this article it talked about how juveniles have a considerably greater risk of becoming a violent victim of a crime, or become the violent offender. They conducted the research over the course of two years. Conducting the research followed by analyzing of the first year, then by same thing for the second year. What researchers Jennifer Shaffer and R. Barry Ruback had discovered from their test was phenomenal information on the correspondence between the two. Shaffer and Ruback had established three things from their research. The first that was, â€Å"Violent victimization is an important risk factor for subsequent violent offending† (Shaffer and Ruback 92-93). Basically the research, supports the fact that those who are a victim during a juvenile years, are more likely to become a violent offender during juvenile years. This is something that is possible and can be supported due to the evidence discovered. The next was, â€Å"It repeat offending is more common than repeat victimization† (Shaffer and Ruback 92-93). One who becomes a victim of violence during juvenile years, are more likely to not continue in the high risk actives. This will prevent

Positive Feedbacks in the Economy Free Essays

Positive Feedbacks in the Economy A new economic theory elucidates mechanisms whereby small chance events early in the history of an industry or technology can tilt the competitive balance by W. Brian Arthur onventional economic theory is built on the assumption of diminishing renrrns. Economic actions engender a negative feedback that leads to a predictable equilibrium for prices and market shares. We will write a custom essay sample on Positive Feedbacks in the Economy or any similar topic only for you Order Now Such feedback tends to stabilize the economy because any major changes will be offset by the very reactions they generate. The high oil prices of the 1970’s ncouraged energy conservation and increased oil exploration, precipitat- ing a predictable drop in prices by the early 1980’s. According to conventional theory the equilibrium marks the ‘best† outcome possible under the cir- natives will be the â€Å"best† one. Furthermore, once random economic events select a particular path the choice may become locked-in regardless of the advantages of the alternatives. If one product or nationin a competitive marke@lace gets ahead by â€Å"chance,† it tends to stay ahead and even increase its lead. hedictable, shared markets are no longer guaranteed. During the past few years I and other economic theorists at Stanford University, the Santa Fe Insurute in New Mexico and elsewhere have been developing a view of the economy based Such a market is initially unstable. Both systems were introduced at about the same time and so began with roughly equal market shares; those shares fluctuated early on because of external circumstance, â€Å"luclC’ and corporate maneuvering. Increasing returns on early gains eventually tilted the competition toward VHS: it accumulated enough of an advantage to take vhrually the entire VCR market. Yet it would have been impossible at the outset of the competition to say which system would win, which of the two possible equilibria would be se- Such an agreeable picture often on positive feedback. Increasing-returns economics has roots that go back 70 years or more, but its application to the economy as a whole is does violence to reality. In many parts largely new. The theory has strong lected. Furthermore, if the claim that Beta was technically superior is true, then the market’s choice did not represent the best economic outcome. Conventional economic theory of- stabilizing forces arallels with modern nonlinear physics (instead of the pre-ZOth-century physical models that underlie conventional economics), it requires new and challenging mathematical techniques between two technologies or products performing the same function. An example is the competition between water and coal to generate electricity. As cumstances: the most efficient use and allocation of resources. of the economy, appear not to operate. Instead positive feedback magnifies the effects of small economic shifts; the economic models that describe such effects differ vastly from the conventional ones. Diminishing returns imply a single equilibrium point for the economy, but positive feedback-increasing returns-makes for many possible equilibrium points. There is no guarantee that the particular economic outcome selected from among the many alterW. BRIANARTHUR is Morrison hofes- sor of Population Studies and Economics at Stanford University. He obtained his Ph. D. from the University of California, Berkeley, in 1973 and holds graduate degtees in operations research, economics and mathematics. Until recently Arthur was on leave at the Santa Fe Institute, a research insdrute dedicated o the srudy of complex systems. There he directed a team of economists, physicists, biologists and others investigating behavior of the economy as an evolving, complex system. and it appears lTth† history of the videocassette I recorder furnishes a simple exI ample of positive feedbaik. the vcR market started out with two competing formats selling at about the same price: VIIS and Beta. Ehch forma t could realize increasing rerurns as its market share increased: large numbers of VHS recorders would encourage video outlets to stock more prerecorded tapes in VHS format, thereby enhancing the value of owning a WIS ecorder and leading more people to buy one. (The same would, of course, be true for Beta-format players. ) Ir this way, a small gain in market share would improve the competitive position of one system and help it further increase its lead. 92 Scrrmrrc AMERTcAN to be the appropri- ate theory for understanding modern high-technology economies. February 1990 fers a different view of competition hydroelectric plants take more of the market, engineers must exploit more costly dam sites, thereby increasing the chance that a coal-fired plant will be cheaper. As coal plants take more f the market, they bid up the price of coal (or trigger the imposition of costly pollution controls) and so tip the balance toward hydropower. The two technologies end up sharing the market in a predictable proportion that best e’qploits the potentials of each, in contrast to what happened to the two video-recorder systems. The evolution of the VCR market would not have surprised the great Victorian economist Alfred Marshall, one of the founders of today’s conventional economics. In his 1890 Pr’nciples of Economics, he noted that if firms’ production costs fall as their arket shares increase, a firm that simply by good fortune gained a high proportion of the market early on would be able to best its rivals; ‘uhatever firm first gets a good start† would corner the market. Marshall did not follow up this observatior however, and theoretical economics has until recently largely ignored it. Marshall did not believe that increasing returns applied everywhere; agriculture and mining-the mainstays of the economies of his timewere subject to diminishing returns caused by limited amounts of fertile land or high-quality ore deposits. Manufacturing, on the other hand, eqioyed increasing returns because large plants allowed improved organization Modern economists do not see economies of scale as a reliable source of increasing returns. Sometimes large plants have proved more economical; often they have not. would update Marshall’s insight by observing that the parts of the economy that are resource-based (agficulI ture, bulk-goods production, mining) are still for the most part subject to diminishing returns. Here conventional economics rightly holds sway. The parts of the economy that are knowledge-based, on the other hand, are largely subject to increasing retums. Products such as computers, pharmaceuticals, missiles, aircraft, automobiles, software, telecommunications equipment or fiber optics are complicated to design and to manufacture. They require large initial investments in research, development and tooling, but once sales begin, incremental production is relatively cheap. A new airframe or aircraft engine, for example, typically costs between $2 and $3 billion to design, develop, certify and put into production. Each copy thereafter costs perhaps $50 to $100 million. As more units are built, unit costs continue to fall and profits increase. Increased production brings additional benefits: producing more units means gaining more experience in the uct so as to be able to exchange information with those using it already. manufacturing process and achieving greater understanding of how to produce additional units even more mechanisms that did not involve technology. Orthodox economists avoided increasing returns for deeper reasons. cheaply. Moreover, er How to cite Positive Feedbacks in the Economy, Papers

Breast Impants Essay Research Paper Breast ImplantsIShould free essay sample

Breast Impants Essay, Research Paper Breast Implants I. Should breast implants be concidered unsafe or are they safe for adult females to utilize? Small-breasted adult females in America say that they feel inferior or unfeminine in a civilization where chest size is a major issue. Popular manner theoretical accounts today are normally thin, but large-breasted, particularly those who model intimate apparel, flushing wear and swimwears. With American civilization looking to compare cleavage with amorousness, it is no admiration that some smaller-breasted adult females doubt their attraction and recive implants that make their chests larger.The explosive popularity of chest implants over the past three decennaries has waned late, nevertheless, as a consequence of a turning contention over their safety. Are breast implants unsafe? Do they do otherwise healthy adult females to go sick? Or are they a safe option for adult females who either lose a chest to malignant neoplastic disease or merely want to alter the manner they look? There are two chief sorts of breast implants-those filled with silicone gel and those filled with saline ( a salt-water solution ) enclosed in a difficult silicone shell. We will write a custom essay sample on Breast Impants Essay Research Paper Breast ImplantsIShould or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page While critics contend that implants pose a menace to adult females? s wellness, guardians insist that that no cause and consequence relationship has been established between implants and disease. II. Why Women Want Breast Implants A 1986 Psychology Today study found that tierce of American adult females were unhappy with the size of their chests. For many grounds, personal organic structure image and self-pride are closely interwined. Young adult females are bombarded with images of the? Perfect? female body-often the kind of organic structure they feel that work forces most admire and covet, and a criterion that is about impossible to run into. Many misss foremost go body-conscious during adolescence, when they notice alterations in their chest sizes ; some adult females remain determined, frequently because of a lingering deficiency of self-pride or assurance, to seek through chest augmentation what they consider to be flawlessness. Eighty per centum of adult females who seek chest implants do so for decorative reasons-they privation to hold larger chests. The staying 20 % seek chest Reconstruction after they have had a mastectomy ( breast remotion ) due to malignant neoplastic disease. Many breast-cancer subsisters suffer important psychological injury at the loss of a chest, and chest implants are a important component in doing the adult females feel whole once more. Despite the 1000s of adult females who say they h ave encountered jobs with implants,90 % of adult females who have had breast-augmentation surgery are satisfied with the consequences, harmonizing to a 1990 study conducted by the American Society of Plastic and Reconstuctive Surgeons ( ASPRS ) . III. History of Implants 1962- Researchers invent foremost silicone-gel chest implants ; it goes on the market. 1969- Saline chest implants introduced. 1976- Food and Drug Administration ( FDA ) given authorization to modulate chest implants. 1978- Dow Corning Corp.scientists tells FDA that surveies are necessary to find hazards of implants. 1988- FDA decides to see chest implants as Class III devices ; makers are required to subject informations on their safety. 1991- FDA notifies implant makers that they must subject safety informations. 1992- FDA imposes voluntary prohibition on sale of silicone-gel implants, mentioning deficiency of safety informations ; allows limited usage of that type of implant if receivers participate in surveies. 1994- FDA notifies shapers of saline implants that they must subject informations on safety. 1994- Mayo Clinic survey finds no nexus between silicone-gel implants and connective-tissue diseases. 1994- U.S. District Judge Sam C. Pointer approves largest merchandise liability colony in U.S. history: implant shapers are to pay out $ 4.25 billion over 30 old ages to adult females who say implants made them vomit. 1995- Dow Corning, the state? s largest implant maker until it ceased production of implants in 1992, declares bankruptcy in May, mentioning surging judicial proceeding costs. 1995- Harvard University survey reports no nexus found between silicone-gel implants and connective-tissue disease. IV. What Are the Dangers There are certain unchallenged jeopardies associated with chest implants, and makers say they have been clear about them. Among the hazards outlined by implant shapers: implants can tear or leak, weave around implants can indurate, do hurting and alter the chest? s visual aspect ( a status called? capsular contracture? ) , and implants can interfere with physicians? ability to observe tumours. In add-on to these dangers, there has been fear-although unsubstaintiated to date-that chest implants can do malignant neoplastic disease. In fact, merely one type of implant, once made by Bristol-Myers Squibb Co. , has been linked to malignant neoplastic disease, and that implant was withdrawn from the market in 1991. The FDA now says the hazard of acquiring malignant neoplastic disease from implant is one in a million, and non worth the hazard of holding the implant removed. The wellness argument has centered on the effects of silicone gel on the human immune system. Patients and their physicians allege that silicone implants have caused serious autoimmune diseases. An autoimmune disease is one in which the organic structure? s immune system attacks its ain cells. The implants are alleged to hold caused a figure of unwellnesss, including dermatosclerosis ( a hardening of the tegument and interior variety meats, which can be fatal ) , lupus erythematosus ( a disease characerized by redness of tegument, articulation, lungs or kidneys ) , and rheumatoid arthritis ( chronic articulation redness ) . The symptoms described by affected adult females include weariness, hurting articulations, roseolas and conceited lymph nodes. Some adult females who have had their implants removed say their symptoms have vanished and they feel absolutely healthy once more, while others claim that the symptoms have non disappeared. Implant makers and fictile sawboness insist that implants are safe. After several surveies, the scientific constitution has found no connexion between silicone-gel chest implants and these diseases, and even the American Medical Association ( AMA ) says it? s clip the FDA lifted the prohibition. Those who belive that implants play a causative function in disease, such as Dr.Sidney M Wolfe of the protagonism organisation Public Citizen Health Research Group, complain that the surveies have been flawed-they have non looked at the right indexs for disease, they have looked at excessively few adult females and they have been funded by partizan groups who could act upon their results. Wolfe and his protagonists want the FDA prohibition to remain in topographic point. V. In decision to if adult females should utilize chest implants I steadfastly belive that adult females should make up ones mind if they want to utilize them or non. I mean they already know the effects and dangers it might show so it? s thier decicion. I besides think that they should work more on look intoing all the hazards that chest implants may do because they are non wholly certain of the dangers that these things might do.

Wise Childrens Narrative Voice Essay Example

Wise Childrens Narrative Voice Essay Angela Carters Wise Children is the fictional autobiography of Dora Chance, looking at both past experiences and, from the point of view of the author, real time events. It is written in the first person, from the point of view of Dora Chance, written in such a way as to convey the thoughts and feelings of the narrator without a direct notification of such thoughts and feelings. This means that for Angela Carter to put across Doras feelings and opinions of the events of the novel many other literary techniques must be involved. The narrator herself uses many colloquialisms and phrases, sometimes turning them into puns or twisting them to a different outcome, for example and what does the poor robin do then? Bugger the robin! this addresses the narrators point of view on formalities and stereotypes, allowing the reader to come to terms with her unique style. She acknowledges events and ideas which may be uncomfortable to a modern audience and gently pokes fun at them, for example Ill do it on the horsehair sofa, do what? What do you think? This indicates to the reader that the normal taboos of society do not necessarily apply and that the narrator is open with her view and opinions, this allows the reader to trust the narrator. The point of view of the reader changes as the book progresses, for example, within the first pages of the book the narrator directly involves the reader within the surroundings, for example, Dora states this is my room although the room or any event leading up to entering the room is never described the scene is immediately set and the reader can imagine the room. We will write a custom essay sample on Wise Childrens Narrative Voice specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Wise Childrens Narrative Voice specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Wise Childrens Narrative Voice specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Carter subtly adds features to the room as the paragraph continues. For example, she suggests the reader take a good look at the signed photos stuck in the dressing table mirror causing the reader to focus on the idea of the object as though they were actually shown around the room. There are at least two instances in which Dora involves the reader as though interacting with them Theres Westminster Abbey, see? careful, the paper is starting to crumble these allow the reader to feel involved and therefore more trusting of the narrator as the book progresses. However occasionally Dora refers to these real-time moments as though in the past tense, for example I squinted as opposed to I am squinting however at the same time describing events in real-time such as She starts to pour out tea as though the event has just taken place and is being recounted for the benefit of the audience, also in these moments it is apparent that no other character acknowledges the presence of the reader. This change in tenses could be for the benefit of the reader, as it would get tiresome to describe all event as they are happening and have no involvement of the reader. In the book time does not appear to be a linear construct. Dora appears to have the ability to stop time to allow the reader to catch up with current events, which she does so with the command, similar to a direction in a piece of drama, freeze frame. During this it appears that the idea of real-time still exists, as Dora moves from the living room to the attic and directly interacts with the reader again. This is similar to the dramatic technique carried out by the chorus of Greek theatre, in which one or more character directly acknowledges the audience and interacts with them alone and can also interact fully with other characters in the play that do not acknowledge the presence of the audience. It is indicated to the reader some time after, and quite unexpectedly that Dora has e-appeared in the living room and time has begun again with a prompt, another technique used in drama, when a command similar to the one above is used press the button for Play, however, it is uncertain to whom she was addressing the command to, she could be directly involving the audience again, as the command had no speech marks, or to herself as a stage direction, or to another character. When Dora describes and explains her family history she does not do so in a straight line, along the way she often refers to characters the reader is unaware of yet, as though she is unaware of this, perhaps she expects she is recalling the stories for her own benefit, as opposed to the benefit of the reader. This means in many places she has to double back on her explanations and descriptions, many times stopping herself in the middle of a sentence to describe something else, for example while showing the reader a picture of her grandmother Estella as Desdemona from Othello she is just about to explain the relevance of the picture when she stops herself, saying wait, Ill explain that later. This technique is supposed to get the reader interested in the events Dora has tactfully not described to them, causing them to read on. Dora often re-tells rumours or stories from other characters, similar to how gossip would be passed on, however this is the first example of where the reliability of the narrator is brought into question, as often stories such as this are retold differently to the original, either deliberately or unintentionally, to make the story seem more interesting or dramatic. Another technique that is used is to talk about a completely different subject after discussing a subject that involves the next subject in some way. For example she describes a story her Uncle Peregrine has told her about her grandmother Estella and then begins to talk about Peregrine, without finishing her story about Estella completely. This gives the impression that this is an after thought, and the narrator is making up as she goes along, improvisation. This gives the narration a natural feel, as opposed to a pre-rehearsed, artificial feel sometimes apparent in other books of this nature; however it can cause some confusion to the reader, who may loose the plot of the novel, making it difficult to understand and thus read, discouraging the reader. The novel is very surreal, in many parts farcical, and some of the events are improbable in real-life. This is a carnivalesque technique and magical realism is used. Much of the surrealism is therefore intentional; however, some of this magical realism could be caused by the narrator herself, who can be described as quite unreliable. Much of the book is based on memory from over 70 years ago, therefore it is understandable that many of the events described in the book cant possible be remembered, for example when Dora was seven she states she can remember going to the pier with her Uncle Peregrine and he was wearing a white suit with a straw bowler hat however this is probably Doras imagination instead of fact, and in a similar way, many of the events could be exaggerated. For example, there was an event in her early twenties of a costume party in which the house caught fire and Dora describes how Saskia was still eating an entire swan in the chaos and everyone was having sex in the garden, this is probably exaggerated. As stated above, the use of a narrator directly involved in the unfolding events is that while describing events that unfold around them they can convey their thoughts and emotions into the scene. A key example of this is the scene just before Tiffany allegedly commits suicide, where she appears on live TV to confront Tristram. Before this scene the tone of the narrator is very brisk and hurried, but mostly cheerful. When the suicide scene unfolds the narrators tone and speed of the novel slows down. The sentences become longer, more eloquent, and expressive. She uses very few colloquialisms and describes her own actions through the scene. This conveys her feelings of worry for Tiffany and uncertainty of what is going to happen through the piece. In conclusion the narrator is what gives the book its unique style and, inevitably, its soul. It allows the reader to imagine the characters of the book as real people, with emotions and faulty memories and opinions, as opposed to a simple and straightforward look of a fictional characters life. Using the narrator Angela Carter has the ability to manipulate linear time and directly involve the reader in the events of the novel.

Children Relationships with Their Siblings

Children Relationships with Their Siblings Introduction Research on children relationships takes three divergent routes. The research on parent–child relationships focuses on how parents establish and/or maintain relationships with their children. The second approach entails how children form relationships with their peers in different social settings such as schools.Advertising We will write a custom thesis sample on Children Relationships with Their Siblings specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The third approach, which is the main focus of this thesis, is on children relationships with their siblings. This kind of relationship exists long after the demise of one’s parents and long before one meets his or her spouse. In this sense, it may be regarded as the longest relationship that people form in their lives. It determines children social competences and their capacity to resolve conflicts positively. Hence, the connection is critical in their emotional and cognit ive developments (Kennedy, Kramer, 2008, p. 568). Using peer-reviewed journal articles, the current thesis begins with a discussion of the general informational and historical background of sibling relationships. It then discusses psychological impacts of sibling relationships, their differences across cultures, factors that influence them and their effects on siblings. In the last section, the thesis addresses the ways of ensuring closeness in sibling relationships. General Information and Historical Background Most people are brought up together with sisters and brothers. Sibling relationships are characterized by conflicts, intimacy, rivalry, and warmth during childhood, adolescence, and adulthood (Dixon, Reyes, Leppert Pappas, 2008, p. 119). The type of sibling relationships depends on different factors such as attachment levels, the environment in which children are brought up, and family constellation.Advertising Looking for thesis on psychology? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More For example, the process of modernization and industrialization increases social mobility such that siblings become detached from one another with time (Knigge, Maas, Leeuwen, Mandemakers, 2014, p.549). Attachment between children and their parents has a powerful role in the development of social-emotional traits at childhood. Ward, Vaughan, and Robb (1988) posit that parent-child attachments predict future child competences and interaction behaviors with peers and siblings (p.643). There is scholarly contention that early children relationships are critical in determining their identity and personality. Since parents and siblings form the first relationships with infants, there has been intense interest in studying the influence of parents and sibling relationships on psychological development of children from infancy and early childhood through adolescence to adulthood (Kolak, Volling, 2011, p. 214). Psychoan alytic approach to family relations forms one of the earliest attempts to explain sibling relationships. This school of thought is associated with psychologist Sigmund Freud. Sigmund interpreted sibling relations as a manifestation of Oedipus complex. Under the situation, male siblings compete for maternal attention while female siblings compete for the attention of their fathers. Although contentious, psychologists such as Alfred Adler assert that siblings build their personality through struggles to gain significance from their parents and that birth order is an important determinant of the development of sibling personalities (Boll, Ferring, Filipp, 2005, p. 155). Psychologist David Levy suggested in 1941 that siblings exhibit rivalry with older siblings. They show an aggressive behavior towards new infant siblings in such a typical way so that it can be sufficiently considered a normal character of sibling relationships.Advertising We will write a custom thesis sample o n Children Relationships with Their Siblings specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Any behavior towards a newborn sibling is related to the perception of different changes in the previous relationships between firstborns and the parents so that people’s psychological processes can be said to influence sibling relationships. Cross-section and longitudinal researches that were conducted in the 21st century reveal that sibling relations influence the personality of individuals. With the identified risk factors to poor sibling relationships, various studies by identify aggression prevention and conflicts prevention as important strategies for creating positive sibling relationships (Murray, Dwyer, Rubin, Knighton-Wisor, Booth-LaForce, 2014, p.1361; Buist Vermande, 2014, p.529). In the literature on quality of sibling relationships, focus has been made on studying psychological implications of sibling relationships, variations in sibling rela tionships in societies, and the implications of their successful and unsuccessful development. Psychological Impact of Sibling Relationships Siblings’ psychological processes influence their identity formation. A longitudinal research by Wong, Branje, VanderValk, Hawk, and Meeus (2010) studied the contribution of siblings in the process of forming identities both in the adolescence stage and in adulthood (p. 673). After analyzing their results, the researchers concluded, â€Å"both the gender and birth order of siblings affect whether their identity formation processes influence those of adolescents and the emerging adults† (Wong et al., 2010, p.673). Murray et al. (2014) supports this claim by citing some researchers claiming that during adolescence, psychological adjustments influence identity formation (p.1372).Advertising Looking for thesis on psychology? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The psychological perception of one’s siblings affects the formation of identities through identification and differentiation processes. Through recognition, siblings observe and imitate other siblings’ behaviors. Where one perceives that his or her siblings’ behaviors are inappropriate, identity is formed through differentiation. Through differentiation, during puberty and maturity, siblings distinguish themselves from others to create uniqueness in behaviors and socialization processes (Wong et al., 2010, p.674). Different identities and socialization processes that form the personality of siblings may impair sibling relationships due to more disagreements and low cooperation levels. There is growing research evidence that links psychological impacts of sibling relationships. For example, Buist and Vermande (2014) assert that sibling relationships have identifiable implications on psychosocial functioning of children (p.529). Some of the indicators of the leve l of quality sibling relationships are warmth and conflicts (Randell, Peterson, 2009, p. 859). Warmth refers to the psychological feeling of intimacy and the capacity of a sibling to provide companionship (Gamble, Yu, Kuehn, 2011, p. 606). Emotional attraction towards one’s siblings determines whether to connect more or retract from one’s siblings’ warmth or companionship. Hatred constitutes a psychological emotion that influences sibling relationships. Hatred and perceptions of competition for parental attention can influence the degree of closeness between siblings. The two elements have the potential of forming sibling relationships based on negative conflicts and proactive aggression. Psychological processes during interactions between parents and other siblings influence sibling relationships. Attachment theory holds that consistent care giving is critical to ensuring the development of secure attachment. To determine the effects of maternal attachment on sibling relationships, Kennedy, Betts, and Underwood (2014,) studied the quality of mothers’ attachment in the context of maternal interactions with a child and other siblings (p.287). The study revealed high sensitivity levels among mothers and their older siblings, but more positive emotions in younger sibling-mother interactions. This observation suggests that mothers can induce emotional attachment between siblings. The move influences their childhood, adolescence, and adulthood relationships. Sibling Relationships across Cultures In their literature review on cross-cultural differences in sibling relationships, Buist, Paalman, and Branje (2014) identify different studies that confirm cultural differences in sibling relationships among western and non-western societies (p. 267). They reveal how past studies define sibling relationships in terms of love-hate dimension, which reflects individuation and competition that are associated with western cultures (Buist et al., 20 14, p.267). In the western cultures, siblings have discretionary type of sibling interactions. They are encouraged to remain in close contact. Some elder brothers and sisters may be required to assume the role of taking care of their other younger blood relatives while their parents assume the main duty of attending to their kids. However, in the case of non-industrialized cultures, forming relationships with younger siblings constitutes an obligation for older siblings (Buist et al., 2014, p.267). This observation suggests that cultural norms and values advocate strong cooperation and closeness among siblings in such cultures (Kretschmer, Pike, 2010, p. 411). Children spend most of their time with their peers than their parents while growing up. Through this interaction, Cicirelli (1995) confirms how they form their characters and learn effective skills on socializing and care-taking of each other (p. 23). Therefore, siblings act as cultural brokers who transfer values and practic es across generations. Regardless of the widespread inclination in sibling associations, the society shows differences in family affairs. In industrialized nations such as the United States, siblings are defined mainly by biological relations, which focus on the immediate family as the defining factor of relationship (Tarakeshwar, Lobato, Kao Plante, 2006, Para. 2). In other countries, all kids within an equivalent age bracket are considered brothers and sisters, while other cultures deploy a discrete characterization to distinguish brothers and sisters by considering their masculinity or femininity traits and birth arrangements. More respect and responsibility are usually placed on older siblings across all generations. Children influence each other as they grow. A child’s character is determined by his or her peers. Parents across cultures are always aware of this fact. They have always been judgmental of their children’s company. While growing, children consider th ings such as birth order, sex, and age to select their mates. Collective culture and individualistic cultures differ when it comes to sibling relationships. Collective cultures tend to be more family-oriented. They have shown a significant level of sibling relations and involvement. Brothers and sisters in communal backgrounds such as the Latinos utilize approximately half of their valuable moments with their peers and relatives as opposed to the American kids who do not utilize as much duration with their relatives. They tend to find more value in spending time with their friends. Cultures such as Indonesia and Costa Rica value the family unit. Hence, children and teenagers show more security, intimacy, companionship, and satisfaction when they are with their siblings than when they are with their friends. Youths in countries such as the USA find happiness and acceptance from their friends. Time for most of the USA children is spent in shared activities with friends (Sailor, 2014, Para. 1). Family-oriented societies, also known as collectivistic cultures, enhance more sibling interdependence where the situation of children looking out for each other defines the daily life. In South Asian communities, children play important responsibilities in the course of their continued existence. Running of home properties, birthright sharing, and important formal procedures are effectively taken care of by brothers and sisters. In idiosyncratic societies, a high significance is given to personal accomplishments. In collectivist cultures, much significance is attached to participating in cooperative tasks. Besides, much focus is given to what people have in common. Individualistic societies are characterized by participation in competitive duties. Much weight is given to what makes the individuals unique. Therefore, siblings in collective societies tend to express different traits relative to those in individualistic societies due to the different cultural contexts in whi ch they were brought up (Baer, 2014, Para. 1). Siblings in the collective culture are more sociable because social norms in their society and jobs are interdependent. Affluence, independence, and variety among siblings are given importance in the individualistic setting. Siblings in the individualistic settings grow to be strong and self-independent (Basu-Zharku, 2011, Para. 3). Eccentricity exists in Western Europe and a large part of the US while the communal society is evident in Asia and some Europe regions among other places. Due to the self-independent nature of the individualistic society, children in such a society mature and discover themselves at an early age. Development prevails in the individualistic society because siblings value personal achievement and sovereignty. Collectivistic societies instill the culture of family cohesion, cooperation, togetherness, and conformity to the set standards. Thus, siblings in these societies give significance to group goals where the y follow the laid down procedures and expectations of the society. Siblings in the individualistic society feel part of the community. Interdependence is the norm here. The idiosyncratic society upholds personal growth and the communication of individual issues. When the American children who grew in an individualistic society are asked to express themselves or narrate a story that they had been told before, majority of them are specific. They describe the story from a personal experience than Korean or Chinese kids who grew up in a collective society. Children in the collective society evaluate stories from a positive aspect and discuss other people more than the American children. The mind of children in individualistic societies is more specific. It focuses on individual situations that they have encountered. In addition, they are expressive, lengthy, and detailed. On the other hand, the mindset of children in a collective society is more general and less emotional (Basu-Zharku, 2011, Para. 4). Their thinking is social relationship-focused. These patterns and differences in mindset and reasoning are seen because western cultures enhance autonomy. They put significance on personal qualities. Hence, siblings in such cultures are raised to stand out and speak for themselves, whereas eastern cultures improve togetherness and give importance to the group. Siblings here are brought up to focus on the society around them. The cultural differences in siblings across culture persist even into their adult life. College students in the individualistic society talk about personal preferences and autonomy more than their partners in the collective society. Despite the differences in a relationship due to cultural differences, siblings can integrate more than their culture when exposed to a different environment where they can form a bicultural identity. Cultural value theory and ethnic equivalence hypothesis explain how differences in familial relationships influence th e quality sibling relationships (Padilla-Walker, Harper, Jensen, 2010, p. 420). Families that have different ethnicity when compared to the main cultures thrive in alternative value systems. This situation has the implication of encountering similar experiences among specific family contexts to produce deviations in the meaning of certain elements that define sibling relationships among minority families. For instance, Buist et al. (2014) reckons, â€Å"physical discipline was related to higher levels of externalizing behavior for European American adolescents, but to lower levels of externalizing problem behavior for African American adolescents† (p.267). Ethnic equivalence theory holds that familial relations do not have direct impacts on the outcomes of children since they surpass any ethnic boundary to showcase universality in terms of their influence. This claim implies that no significant differences in sibling relationships are anticipated in cross-cultural contexts. Culture defines norms, values, and ways of thinking of a given group of people. These aspects may determine the mechanisms for forming relationships between siblings. Buist et al. (2014) studied sibling relationships in the cross-cultural context by comparing the quality of sibling associations among the Moroccan and Dutch sibling samples (p. 269). After collecting data through questionnaires and analyzing it, the researchers found a significant difference in the quality of sibling relationships amongst Moroccan and Dutch adolescents. The Moroccan siblings reported high levels of quality relationships and lower prevalence levels of behavior problems compared to the Dutch adolescents (Buist et al., 2014, p.269). Nevertheless, problems of anxiety and depression among the siblings in both Moroccan and Dutch samples were similar (Buist et al., 2014, p.272). Different cultures adopt different parenting styles. In the Mexican descent society, Gamble and Yu (2014) claim that democratic par enting support sibling relationships that are characterized by less egoism and high levels of warmth (p.223). Factors that Influence the Quality of Sibling Relations Assemblage of families, their structure, and traits of each child influence sibling relationships. Assemblage implies the number of brothers and sisters, birth progression, kids and grownups’ gender and years, the level of interaction (taken up or brother/sister), and kids’ intervals. Despite the fact that different types of family relationships play a key part in influencing sibling relationships, the quality of parent-children relationship greatly influences sibling relationships. Differences that are peculiar to each child are important in influencing their interaction. For example, young children have temperament as an important factor that determines their relationships while older children have cognitive, personality, and social skills, which are important determinants of sibling relationships (Murra y et al., 2014, p.1363). Factors that influence the quality of sibling rapport are related to one another. For example, Dixon et al. (2008) studied the relationships between personality and birth order in large families (families with 6 or more siblings) using a sample size of 361 siblings (p. 119). The researchers focused on Neuroticism, Psychoticism, and extraversion personality traits (Dixon et al., 2008, p.119). Using hierarchical model, the researchers also studied the impacts of age, size of families, and gender on the siblings’ personality. They identified an age effect on the extraversion personality while the size of families and gender did not produce any significant impacts on any of the studied personality aspects (Dixon et al., 2008, p.119). This observation suggests that age has an effect on the quality of sibling relationships. As the age increases, it influences the personality of individual siblings. Oh, Volling, and Gonzalez (2015) indicate that the quality of sibling relationships changes with time, as it is emotionally less intense among middle-aged siblings and those in the adolescent stage (p.120). Although the family environment during the siblings’ childhood may have produced high-quality relationships, they (siblings) experience lower quality relationships at adulthood due to the competing pressures of their work and individual families. The environment in which siblings are brought up influences the quality of their relationships. The environment can be shared or not shared (Dixon et al., 2008, p.120). Mutual surroundings such as growing up in the same home produce more similarities in terms of character definition while the non-shared atmosphere is associated with character variations that may be observed among brothers and sisters. Siblings may also fail to share the same environment due to their birth order. Thus, they undergo different experiences, which influence their personalities differently (Dixon et al., 2008, p.120). Although the birth sequence may affect the quality of interaction in terms of their people’s distinctiveness, there lacks scholarly evidence and agreement on how it exactly influences the personality of individuals. However, the power difference that is associated with birth order has effects on the quality of sibling relationships. Firstborns are co-caregivers in many nonwestern societies. Thus, they function as surrogates parents. This situation makes them enjoy high power over other siblings in a family. The power status increases with an increasing age gap between siblings. It also varies depending on gender. For example, older girls are known in some cultures as better caregivers and teachers to their younger siblings than older boys. Dixon et al. (2008) assert that birth order has effects on the quality of sibling relationships (p.120). Firstborns feel more threatened by a second born since they have to share their power and parents’ attention and affecti on with the second and subsequent births. Second and subsequent births may not feel this threat since they find power already vested in the firstborn sibling. In a cross-sectional study, Whiteman, McHale, and Crouter (2007) studied the influence of older siblings on younger siblings (p. 970). They assessed aspects such as peer competence, interests in sports and arts, and engagement in risky behaviors. The researchers found a positive correlation between the reported temporary involvement together with intimacy and positive influence for younger siblings (Whiteman et al., 2007, p.963). Indeed, siblings reported similarities in terms of engagement, interest in the studied domains and high competence when older ones had the power of influence to the younger ones (Whiteman et al., 2007, p.970). In nonwestern cultures, sibling relationships are characterized by high cooperation. To verify this claim, Song and Volling (2015) examined the relationship between co-parenting, temperament amo ng firstborns, and cooperative behaviors upon request by their mothers to help in changing their one-month-old infant diapers (p. 130). Questionnaires were given to gather primary data concerning the assessment of parents’ temperament and cooperative behaviors of their children. Song and Volling (2015) confirm the study results, which â€Å"suggested that co-parenting quality moderated the association between children’s temperament (i.e. soothability) and children’s cooperation as revealed in a Temperament Ãâ€"Cooperative Co-parenting Ãâ€" Undermining Co-parenting interaction† (p.130). This observation suggests that irrespective of mothers’ demographic characteristics, co-parenting influences the quality of sibling relationships whereby soothability acts as an important determinant of cooperation among siblings. Positive reception of a subsequent birth by other siblings constitutes an important determinant of the quality of sibling relationships. Volling et al. (2014) assert that mothers report high opposition behaviors among firstborns against their siblings in three weeks after birth (p.634). This situation causes noncompliance and naughty conducts among firstborns. For mothers, such manners cause a considerable amount of stress. Firstborns who eagerly wait for their siblings’ birth respond in an affectionate manner as a call for caring of the infant sibling few days after birth (Volling et al., 2014, p.634). This claim suggests that where firstborns receive their second born and subsequent siblings as threats to their power structures with their parents, they (subsequent siblings) are likely to receive them negatively. This case leads to poor quality sibling relationships at an early age where the family environment does not shape the initial negative perceptions accordingly. Indeed, among adult siblings, the quality of their relationships depends on their childhood familial environment (Dixon et al., 2008, p.120) . Through LPA (latent profile analysis), Volling et al. (2014) studied the reactions of children to their fathers or mothers’ interactions with newborn sibling infants (p. 634). The studied parents reported a high prevalence of behavioral problems among children after one to four months of sibling birth. A new birth creates an emotion of jealousy in an older sibling (Volling et al., 2014, p. 634). This case creates a rivalry behavior. Nevertheless, having a sibling has positive effects on educational skill attainment. Downey, Condron, and Yucel (2015) analyzed â€Å"11,820 children from the early childhood longitudinal study-kindergarten cohort of 1998-1999† (p.273). Opposed to their anticipations, the researchers found that children who did not have siblings lagged behind in the attainment of social skills from kindergarten to the fifth grade compared to those who had either brothers or sisters. This observation suggests that siblings influence one other positively in social skill development. Downey et al. (2015) conclude that the quality of sibling affiliation, which increases social skill attainment, depends on sibling interactions in a family context (p. 273). The quality of such interactions then influences the capacity of siblings to form positive relationships with their peers in other social settings such as schools. Effects of Successful vs. Unsuccessful Sibling Relations Successful sibling relationships produce positive effects on the growth and development of children from their childhood through adolescence to adulthood. Indeed, sibling relationships constitute one of the long lasting relationships in an individual’s life (Iturralde, Margolin, Shapiro, 2013, p.717). Such interactions also act as the foundation for the formation of other relationships such as a positive affiliation with peers (Downey et al., 2015, p. 274). Therefore, success in inducing positive sibling relationships is important for better sibling interaction with other people in their adolescent and adulthood (Campione-Barr, Smetana, 2010, p. 464). Tanrikulu and Campell (2014) investigated the engagement of siblings in bullying behavior (p. 1). The study focused on bullying â€Å"in both traditional and cyber form, and the associations of gender, grade, peer bullying perpetration, trait anger, and moral disengagement† (Tanrikulu Campell, 2014, p.1). Drawing from 455 participants from grade 5-12, the findings indicated a high percentage of traditional bullying behavior for siblings compared to bullying that was perpetrated by peers. Despite the low number of intimidators in cyber and other localities, brothers and sisters mentioned unfair treatment and sophisticated deeds in the process of carrying out harassment. Maltreatment is a negative behavior. It affects people’s creativity levels, reduces morale, may cause accidents, influences negatively moral and ethical judgment capacity, and/or hinders people from realizing t heir full potential in their areas of talent. Thus, its possession among siblings indicates unsuccessful sibling relations. Successful sibling associations increase warmth and emotional attachments between children (Buist Vermande, 2014, p.529). Aggression and victimization are associated with unsuccessful sibling relations. For example, Tucker, Finkelhor, Turner, and Shattuck (2014) present a growing body of research that indicates how victimization among siblings has direct relationships with poor mental health (p.625). The researchers hypothesize that conflicts between parents and violence in families influence experiences of children in victimization. Upon conducting a multinomial regression analysis, the results indicate that sibling victimization relates to negative family experiences. Indeed, children â€Å"in the severe group have even less parental warmth, poor parental supervision, and greater exposure to inter-parental conflict and family violence than children in the c ommon types victimizations group† (Tucker et al., 2014, p. 625). This observation implies that parent–children relationships are important not only for successful development of sibling relations, but also for mitigation of sibling engagement in family conflicts (Recchia Howe, 2008, p. 1564). However, although negative conflicts among siblings may indicate unsuccessful sibling relations, positive conflicts are important as the basis of developing respect and trust among siblings. Unsuccessful sibling relationships have negative implications for psychological health. Tucker et al. (2014) assert that sibling victimization may involve physical assault, which leads to injury (p.626). Such injuries produce negative psychological effects on the victim. The situation may lead to rivalry and lower warmth between siblings. Although psychology scholars contend that aggression is normal among siblings, aggression that leads to victimization indicates unsuccessful sibling relation ships. Iturralde et al. (2013) identify moderating effects of successful sibling relationships in adjusting to inter-parental conflicts (p. 716). Therefore, successful sibling relations help to reduce the threshold of negative effects of inter-parental conflicts. How to Influence Closeness in Sibling Relations Upon identifying various risk factors to poor sibling relationships, programs can be designed to enhance more interactions between siblings and other persons such as parents who are decisive in enhancing their relationships. Feinberg, Sakuma, Hostetler, and McHale (2013) assert that most people in the US are more likely to have siblings as opposed to a father (p.97). In the European-American context, the authors also reckon that children’s most time is spent in the company of siblings as opposed to any other person. In the minority groups, siblings play the role of companionship and care giving (Feinberg et al., 2013, p.97). Therefore, it is important to ensure sibling closeness as a strategy that guarantees positive interactions. Feinberg et al. (2013) present SAS (Siblings Are Special) program for preventing adolescence-related behavioral problems, which may decrease sibling closeness by impairing the quality of their relationships (p. 98). Analysis of the program reveals that SAS model is important in increasing sibling engagements. Sibling interactions form the basic tenets for developing relationship skills. Building positive relationships is impossible without a compromise. Indeed, Feinberg et al. (2013) assert that sibling relations are built on frequent and high conflict levels compared to any other close relationship in people’s lives (p.98). Aggressive behavior is also common among siblings. Therefore, closeness between siblings can be increased by encouraging constructive conflicts to help in establishing avenues for building trust among them. In this process, attention should be focused on reducing antagonism, quests for dominee ring other siblings, and negative criticism (Lindell, Campione-Barr, Greer, 2014, p.80). Specifically, parents have major responsibilities to ensure fairness and equality amongst siblings to minimize power struggles. Siblings exchange their emotions in an environment of love, engagement in conflicts, and support. Although aggression among siblings has been considered an acceptable phenomenon, it potentially influences childhood and adolescent adjustments (p.2). The researcher finds proactive aggressive behavior among siblings, increased use of substances, and high depressive moods as important risk factors for child delinquency. These relationships persist even after the researchers make adjustments to various family differences, stress, and even social-graphic variations (Tucker et al., 2014, p.1). Therefore, minimization of proactive aggression among siblings can aid in increasing their closeness. Oh et al. (2015) studied the longitudinal trajectories in behaviors of young childr en towards their infants in the context of avoidance, antagonism, and positive engagement (p. 126). 50% of all the studied children were well engaged. Such children portrayed outstanding levels of engagement with their siblings’ infants who were characterized by little incidents of avoidance and antagonism (Oh et al., 2015, p.126). This claim suggests that reducing antagonism and avoidance behaviors towards infants by other siblings through enhancing positive engagement can help to increase closeness among siblings. For adolescents who are transiting to colleges, Lindell, Campione-Barr, and Greer (2014) reckons, â€Å"frequent or intense sibling conflicts during adolescence may be related to more positive and less negative sibling relationships the first year after older siblings leave home† (p.79). Therefore, putting in place strategies for ensuring continued positive relationships between the first and second born as the firstborn transits into college is important f or the sustenance of close sibling relationships in the future years, including adulthood. Such strategies entail maintaining adequate egalitarian relationship during childhood and reducing sibling conflicts both in childhood and adolescence (Lindell et al., 2014, p.80). Summary Research on various normative issues that influence sibling relations at adulthood identifies childhood environment as an important issue that determines the quality of the relationship. Siblings who grow up in families that have cohesive ties exhibit closer relationships. Psychological factors such as emotional attention between siblings and warmth affect the element of closeness among siblings. Proactive aggression and negative conflicts have the effect of lowering the quality of sibling relationships. Thus, to create closeness among siblings, parents need to provide an enabling environment for facilitating their close interactions by eliminating risk factors that allow the growth of conflicts, which may l ead to the emergence of aggressive behaviors among siblings. Although sibling relationships are characterized by conflicts, aggression, positive emotional attraction, and warmth, mitigation of proactive aggression is important upon considering that it leads to physical assault and victimization. This situation can lead to psychological damages, which induce hatred among siblings. Hatred is a major impediment to the formation of quality sibling relationships. Children possess the strongest affection linkages at childhood followed by adolescence. The quality is poorest at adulthood. This situation may occur following the separation of people as they seek to meet demands from the work environments and/or in their respective families. This study establishes issues that parents should focus on in their parenting roles to ensure that siblings develop and maintain positive relationships from childhood to adolescence and even in adulthood. The study emphasizes that parents should note that although issues that influence the quality of sibling relationships such as their separation when they attend colleges or relocation in search of jobs are inevitable, they have the capacity to create and control the environment for developing and sustaining their positive relationship. They need to mitigate factors that lead to poor quality sibling relationships. Reference List Baer, D. (2014). Here’s how your sibling relationships affect your life as an adult-for  good and bad. Retrieved from businessinsider.com/how-sibling- relationships-affect-your-life-2014-12 Basu-Zharku, I (2011). Effects of collectivistic and individualistic cultures on imagination  inflation in eastern and western cultures. Retrieved from studentpulse.com/articles/385/effects-of-collectivistic-and-individualistic-cultures-on-imagination-inflation-in-eastern-and-western-cultures Boll, T., Ferring, D., Filipp, S. (2005). Effects of Parental Differential Treatment on Relationship Quality with Siblin gs and Parents: Justice Evaluations as Mediators. Social Justice Research, 18(2), 155-182. Buist, K., Vermande, M. (2014). Sibling Relationships and their Associations with Child Competence and Problems Behavior. Journal of Family Psychology, 28(4), 529-537. Buist, K., Paalman, C., Branje, S. (2014). Longitudinal Effects of Sibling Relationships Quality on Adolescent Problems Behavior: A Cross-Ethnic Comparison. Cultural Diversity and Ethnic Minority Psychology, 20(2), 266-275. Campione-Barr, N., Smetana, J. (2010). Who Said You Could Wear My Sweater?’’ Adolescent Siblings’ Conflicts and Associations With Relationship Quality. Child Development, 81(2), 464–471. Cicirelli, G. (1995). Sibling Relationships across The Life Span. New York, NY: Plenum Press. Dixon, M., Reyes, C., Leppert, M., Pappas, L. (2008). Personality and Birth order in Large Families. Personality and Individual Differences, 44(1), 119-128. Downey, D., Condron, D., Yucel, D. (2015). Number of Siblings and Social Skills Revisited Among American Fifth Graders. Journal of Family Issues, 36(2), 273-296. Feinberg, M., Sakuma, K., Hostetler, M., McHale, S. (2013). Enhancing Sibling Relationships to Prevent Adolescent Problems Behaviors: Theory, Design And Feasibility of Sibling Are Special. Evaluation and Program Planning, 36(3), 97-106. Gamble, W., Yu, J. (2014). Young Children’s Sibling Relationship Interactional types: Associations with Family Characteristics, Parenting, and Child Characteristics. Early Education and Development, 25(1), 223-239. Gamble, W., Yu, J., Kuehn, E. (2011). Adolescent Sibling Relationship Quality and Adjustment: Sibling Trustworthiness and Modeling, as Factors Directly and Indirectly Influencing These Associations. Malden, MA: Blackwell Publishing. Iturralde, E., Margolin, G., Shapiro, L. (2013). 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City of Worcester Report Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

City of Worcester Report - Assignment Example A critical review of the literature on the aforementioned will serve to outline the nature of tourism marketing and, in so doing, identify the core objectives and components of the City of Worcester's tourism marketing plan. The report will conclude with a set of best practice recommendations, specifically addressed to the City of Worcester. Branding is a managed process to serve consumers, create identity for goods and services, and differentiate goods and services from competitors (Kotler, 1994; Kapferer, 1997). Branding is a powerful means for creating competitive advantages in marketing corporations, products, and services. Cai (2002) acknowledged that branding is the single most important objective of marketing today. The ability to create value by developing and maintaining the attributes that appeal to consumers emotionally has become a main focus of branding (Knowles, 2001). Therefore, branding refers to the process of transforming functional assets into relationship assets (Knowles, 2001) or the process of adding meaning to consumer products (Aaker, 1991). Branding has developed into a modern concept that can be applied to anything from products and services to companies, not-for-profit causes, and even countries (Clifton, 2003). Modern branding is concerned increasingly with assembling and maintaining a mix of values, both tangible and intangible, which are relevant to consumers and which meaningfully and appropriately distinguish one supplier's brand from that of another (Murphy, 1998). Emotional benefits over and above a product's functional benefits are emphasized increasingly in the branding process. Branding is a powerful means of differentiation, and differentiation is a significant competitive positioning strategy (Pappu, Quester, & Cooksey, 2005). Berry (2000) noted that "a brand reduces customers' perceived monetary, social, or safety risk in buying services, which are difficult to evaluate prior to purchase" (p. 128). Due to greater opportunities to visit a variety of destinations, places are becoming increasingly substitutable and difficult to differentiate (Pike, 2005). 2.1 Destination Branding Travel destinations, just like other consumer products, have had to turn to branding to identify and distinguish themselves and to convey a positive and motivating message (Aaker, 1991). Although branding is a relatively new concept in tourism marketing (Cai, 2002; Pike, 2005), branding's extension into tourism destination management is expanding (William, Gill, & Chura, 2004). Consumers increasingly recognize that a destination can also be a perceptual concept which can be interpreted subjectively through the experience process (Buhalis, 2000). A strong and lasting destination experience for tourists, if appropriately managed, can act as a foundation for building destination brands (Hall, 2002). Buhalis (2000) states that destinations offer an amalgam of tourism products and services which are subsumed under the name of destination brand. Also, Murphy, Pritchard, and Smith (2000) noted that a tourism