Examine Miller’s presentation of John Proctor :: English Literature

Examine Millers presentation of John invigilate and the Circumstances which lead to his choo perditiong to be executed.Although the events of the play are based on events that took place inSalem, Massachusetts in 1692, Miller was liberal in hisfictionalisation.For example, the involution between farmer, husband, and father JohnProctor, and the Ministers teenage niece, Abigail Williams, drivemany of the accusations of witchcraft in the play in fact at the beat of the Witch Trials, Williams would only have been around elevenand Proctor would have been in his sixties. The play, written in 1953,was in response to Senator McCarthy and the House Un-AmericanActivities Committees bid against supposed communistsympathisers, in which Miller became embroiled. When he testified infront of a congressional committee in 1956 he refused to reveal any label and so was held in contempt. The decision was overturned twoyears later. iodin of Millers most powerful devices in the play is his use of ba nterdramatic, verbal, and situational irony.Verbal irony is a figure of speech in which the speaker intends to beunderstood as meaning something that contrasts with the literal orusual meaning of what he says. One example of this is when JohnProctor says Good. Then her saintliness is done with, mentioningAbigail. However, Proctor does not actually believe that Abigail is asaint. The affair makes her a sinner, because he is married toElizabeth. However, he says this line because the rest of the town,and most importantly, the courts believe that she is believable andtruthful. In effect, he tries to convince the court and the people ofher unsaintliness, by leaseing to their attention her sins, but tono avail this is one of the most important circumstances which leadto his choosing to be executed. Another example has Proctor tellinghis wife Its winter in here yet. However, it is actually spring, asin the same dialogue he asks her to go walking in the field with himso that they may pick flowers and bring them into their home. Proctorreally means to tell his wife that their home is cold, that there isno sign of love. He believes that when his wife fills the home withwarmth and love, he is forgiven for his sin of lechery, and only thencan he continue normally with his life. By using this type of irony,Millers characters indirectly bring something to our attention, whichcould not other be done.Situational irony is a discrepancy between what we expect and whatoccurs. This is the second type of irony used in the play.

runaways :: essays research papers

RunawaysThe book I chose was the Runaways I thought it was pretty replete(p) but it could have been better. Well the story took place in Mexico ,Texas right when they seceded from the union. At that time Texas was broke. But there was single person who knew where to happen upon notes Deek Keeshaw. He planned to make a substantial withdraw with dynamite. Deek was joined with two brothers Tom and Bart they were all skinny and not all that hopeful either. One day they were discharge along in their wagon and they ran into Shad Parker now I have to tell you Shad is one of people you didnt want to smoke with. He had buffalo shoulders and big arms. He was also one of the guys who didnt care what you have to say. Soon after that the three brothers ran into three orphan children Austin, Peg, and Davy. They looked as if they havent ate in a long time so they offered food and they took it. The three brothers decided to let the children stay with them. There was one more person the Keesh aws had to worry about deputy Homer Keeler. The Keeshaws have basically been on the run forever they started thinking of buying a kick upstairs and putting it under someone elses name but they realized they couldnt so they thought this is where Shad Parker would come in since he had a work basically out in the middle of nowhere. They thought next time they ran into Shad theyd ask. A couple days they ran into him at the saloon soon to find out the owner was the Sheriffs wife. They started talking to Shad and he came to the conclusion that they could not knowing they were runaways. They went to the farm and decided they would stay in the barn. Shad liked the children but he was furious about the Keeshaw brothers. They were their for a while until Shad started getting accompanied by folks hed never seen before. Shad started getting suspicious and he asked the children what was going on thinking the Keeshaws wouldnt tell him. So the children told him the brothers were getting ready to rob the Gilieads bank.

Violations of the True Woman in The Coquette Essay -- The Coquette Ess

Violations of the True Woman in The Coquette In her article, The Cult of True char 1820-1860, Barbara Welter discusses the nineteenth-century ideal of the perfect woman. She asserts that the attributes of True Womanhood . . . could be divided into four cardinal virtues-piety, purity, submissiveness and domesticity. Furthermore, she adds that if everyone, male or female, dared to tamper with the complex virtues which made up True Womanhood, he was damned immediately as an enemy of God, of civilization and of the Republic (Welter 152). In Hannah W. Fosters The Coquette, the characters Major Sanford and Eliza Wharton violate True Womanhood condemning them twain to wretched fates. Major Sanford continually violates the True Womanhood with his systematic seduction of women. Due to his assaults against female purity, Major Sanford is rejected by society for being guiltless of virtue. Well aware of this reputation, Mrs. Richman warns Eliza that he is a professed libertine and is not t o be admitted into virtuous society (Foster 20). Upon her acquaintance with him, her friend Lucy Freeman declares, I look upon the vicious habits, and abandoned character of Major Sanford, to have more pernicious effects on society, than the perpetrations of the robber and the assassin (Foster 63). Major Sanfords licentious past dooms him to a proximo of lechery there is no possibility for him to evade his reputation. Elizas assaults against True Womanhood are violations of the virtues submissiveness and purity. When Eliza refuses to ignore the gallantry of Major Sanford in favor of the proposals of Reverend Boyer despite the warnings of her friends and mother, she disregards submissiveness in favor of her own fanc... ...ind of happiness (Foster 166). In the end, both are severely punished for their debasement of the True Woman. One might question if Eliza really had any choice in her situation. Early in the novel she declares, What a pity . . . that the graces and virtues are not oftner united (Foster 22). While Sanford possessed all the suavity she desire and Reverend Boyer all the integrity, she could find no companion who possessed both. This lack of options seems to be what truly destroys Eliza. It may have been within Elizas power to be a True Woman, but due to the societal constraints imposed upon her, it does not seem at all possible for her to have been a happy woman. Works Cited Foster, Hannah W. The Coquette. newfound York Oxford UP, 1986. Welter, Barbara. The Cult of True Womanhood 1820-1860. American Quarterly. Vol. 18 (1966). 151-74.

Power of Uncle Toms Cabin by Harriet Beecher Stowe :: Uncle Toms Cabin

The Effective Story in Uncle Toms Cabin Harriet Beecher Stowe, a northern abolitionist, published her best-selling allegory Uncle Toms Cabin in 1852. Uncle Toms Cabin contracts the many different attitudes that southerners as well as northerners shared towards thralldom. Generally, it shows the evils of slavery and the severeness and inhumanity of the peculiar institution, in particular how masters treat their slaves and how families are torn asunder because of slavery. The novel centers around a pious slave, Uncle Tom, and how he is exchange over and over again. It shows the different attitudes that Toms masters share about slavery, and how their slaves should be treat. It also teaches Christian values as well as family values. At the time of its publication, Uncle Toms Cabin was an immediate success and one of biggest sellers of all time. Despite the fact that Stowe induces her own personal opinions, with the very miniature experience she has had with slaves, she deliver s a magnificent novel which is still enjoyed by many modern readers today. The time of her novels publication was very important. It was published at the peak of the abolitionist movement, in the 1850s. It proved to be very effective propaganda for the abolitionist cause, which Stowe openly supported. Stowe is trying to prove to the reader that slavery is wrong and slide fastener short of evil and cruel. She does an effective job at proving her point, while delivering a superb novel at the same time. Stowe is constantly tying to prove that slavery is evil. She opens the novel, by showing two slave owners, making a business deal. Mr. Shelby is in debt to Haley, so he must sell Uncle Tom and Harry, tearing them apart from their families. Stowe shows a young slave woman, Eliza and her affection for her son Harry, when she decides to take her son and run away. This disputes the common belief of the time that slaves mothers has less affection for their youth than flannel women. Uncle Tom is sold again to the carefree Augustine St. Clare whos philosophy is Why save time or money, when theres plenty of both? Uncle Tom receives good treatment at the St. Clares, which proves that the novel is not one-sided, showing that their where kind slave owners. However Uncle Tom is sold again, this time up the Red River to the devil Simon Legree.

Sociology Essay -- Sociology Essays

Sociology is a field which developed over a millennia ago, and it was not until the nineteenth century that it came into the fore as a bona fide social science, in need of its own classification apart from other social sciences. Sociology, the instruct of the process of companionship(pg.396, Ambercrombie,Hill,Turner), is a discipline, which is not exclusively independent in and of its self, yet borrows from many other disciplines such as history, geography, and anthropology. American sociology is fundamentally analytical and empirical it proposes to go steady the way of life of individuals in the societies &8230 prefers to explain institutions and structures in terms of the deportment of individuals and the goals, mental states, and motives which determine the behavior of members of various social groups (pg.5,Aron).A strong suit within Sociology is social stratification. This segment of sociology attempts to deal with the structures of any given society and ones relationshi p with the institution. Social stratification means that inequality has been hardened or institutionalized, and there is a system of social relationships that determines who gets what, and why (pg.11, Kerbo). Through various paradigms, and theories we atomic number 18 able to come to a better understanding of social stratification.The paradigm that is most intelligent to my understanding of social stratification is the critical-conflict. In this paradigm the state embodies the interests of the "common citizen," and mediates between primitive human desires and the rational need for freedom and well being. counterpoint theorists view that definitions of norms and values are also a source of conflict over who has the right to create laws and justice. As a consequence, not only behavior but also power relationships become important topics to study. Unlike the structural-functionalist view of society, which views harmony as the basis of order, conflict theorists see conflict a s the vivid state of social existence. Despite their critical examination of power relations, conflict theorists tend to accept the fundamental existing social arrangements, and instead of arguing for refreshed social systems tend to argue for rearrangement of existing relations.This paradigm (critical-conflict) shares with the uncritical-conflict paradigm an image or model of society that considers conflict and... ...ack the essential tools such as family name, wealth, and networking opportunities. These tools are utilized to gain access to the training necessary to achieve in a meritocracy like the United States. As the Upper line and the Corporate Class wonder why those on the pervade are not able to pull themselves up by their boot straps and find solutions to their social, political, and economic predicament. The people on the bottom are screaming the solutions yet the Upper Class and Corporate Class are turning a deaf ear.Bibliography1.) Abercrombie, Nicholas Hill, Stephe n and Turner, Bryan S. The Penguin Dictionary of Sociology. Penguin Books.London 19842.) Aron, Raymond, Main Currents In sociological Thought. Anchor Books 1968.3.) Campbell, Ken. Http//cst.colorado.edu/psn/Marx/bio/Marx-karl/Granat/z.Html March 1,1999.4.) Kerbo, Harold R., Social Stratification and Inequality Class Conflict in Historical and Comparative Perspective. McGraw-Hill Companies,Inc. New York 1996.5.) McLellan, David., Karl Marx Selected Writings. Oxford University Press 1979.6.) Tumin, M., Some principles of stratification A critical analysis. American Sociological Review, New York1954

Strength, Personality, and Style Assessments & Motivation Essay

In my paper regarding aptitude estimations from the Raths Strengths Finder 2.00 (Rath) I learned how it advise improve the development of my leadership. About a year ago I took the Myers-Briggs reference Indicator assessment (The Myers & Briggs Foundation) I was identified as an ENTJ and ENFJ (split disposition). I recently took another assessment detailing with my style (Style Analysis). The strength finder 2.0 assessment specify my top five leadership strengths the Myers Briggs defined my personality and this new assessment defining my style behavior. These assessments are very valuable in knowing who I am as a leader. Leadership is or so getting others to accomplish goals bigger than themselves. That requires motivation. Now that I understand more about myself and my leadership style, how can I use this knowledge to motivate and twist others? In the lecture presentation by Dr Homes (Homes) he discussed how the strength-finder is a tool that he uses in his operations to help and identify strengths that both compliment and contact missing gaps. These assessments help identify compatibility. Compatibility includes your co-workers, superiors, subordinates and other in the work place but likewise in your personal life. He discussed the need to understand the strength of others so that we can relate to them better. And by relating better, we are able to manage, motivate and lead them better. He all the way articulated the value of the strength finder assessment for better leadership. The assessment that I recently took at work was titled Style Analysis (Style Analysis) also referred to as the DISC style analysis, (See attached materials) and was social function of a presentation by Phil Begley, Managing Principal of Riverstone Organizational Ad... ...Begley, Phil. Coaching Diverse Styles. Greenville Rivestone Organicational Advisors, Inc., 2011 Presentation March 3rd, 2011 at Mount Pleasant Waterworks, Mount Pleasant, SC 29464Collins, Jim. compu table To Great. New York HarperCollins Publishers, 2001.Greg Laurie, General Editor. New Believers Bible. Ed. Greg Laurie. Carol Stream Tyndale House Publishers, Inc., 2006.Homes, Dr. Sonny. Strength Finder 2.0 Leacture March 3, 2011 at Charleston Southern University, SCNorthouse, Peter G. Leaderhip supposition and Practice. Ed. Fifth Edition. Thousand Oaks, CA Sage Publications Inc, 2010.Rath, Tom. Strengths Finder 2.0. New York Gallup Press, 2007.Style Analysis- Target Traning International, Ltd, 2011.The Myers & Briggs Foundation. 2011. 6 March 2011 . Strength, Personality, and Style Assessments & Motivation EssayIn my paper regarding strength assessments from the Raths Strengths Finder 2.00 (Rath) I learned how it can improve the development of my leadership. About a year ago I took the Myers-Briggs Type Indicator assessment (The Myers & Briggs Foundation) I was identified as an ENTJ and ENFJ (split personality). I recently took another assessment detailing with my style (Style Analysis). The strength finder 2.0 assessment defined my top five leadership strengths the Myers Briggs defined my personality and this new assessment defining my style behavior. These assessments are very valuable in knowing who I am as a leader. Leadership is about getting others to accomplish goals bigger than themselves. That requires motivation. Now that I understand more about myself and my leadership style, how can I use this knowledge to motivate and persuade others? In the lecture presentation by Dr Homes (Homes) he discussed how the strength-finder is a tool that he uses in his operations to help and identify strengths that both compliment and fill missing gaps. These assessments help identify compatibility. Compatibility includes your co-workers, superiors, subordinates and other in the work place but also in your personal life. He discussed the need to understand the strength of others so that we can relate to them better. And by relating better, we are able to manage, motivate and lead them better. He clearly articulated the value of the strength finder assessment for better leadership. The assessment that I recently took at work was titled Style Analysis (Style Analysis) also referred to as the DISC style analysis, (See attached materials) and was part of a presentation by Phil Begley, Managing Principal of Riverstone Organizational Ad... ...Begley, Phil. Coaching Diverse Styles. Greenville Rivestone Organicational Advisors, Inc., 2011 Presentation March 3rd, 2011 at Mount Pleasant Waterworks, Mount Pleasant, SC 29464Collins, Jim. Good To Great. New York HarperCollins Publishers, 2001.Greg Laurie, General Editor. New Believers Bible. Ed. Greg Laurie. Carol Stream Tyndale House Publishers, Inc., 2006.Homes, Dr. Sonny. Strength Finder 2.0 Leacture March 3, 2011 at Charleston Southern University, SCNorthouse, Peter G. Leaderhip Theory and Practice. Ed. Fifth Edition. Thousand Oaks, CA Sage Publications Inc, 2010.Rath, Tom. St rengths Finder 2.0. New York Gallup Press, 2007.Style Analysis- Target Traning International, Ltd, 2011.The Myers & Briggs Foundation. 2011. 6 March 2011 .

Reconstruction of African Americans Dbq Essay

African Americans were given the opportunity to vote. There opinion began to matter. As Alfred H. Ward expresses in his art black men waiting in a line, it means much more than a single file. Displaying the men milled in different outfits and uniforms waiting to put in their opinion, their vote (Document A). Negroes were now being viewed as another person and another opinion needed. It was even verbalized that one shall not be denied a vote for their race (Document C). This is yet again another prime example of the African Americans new progress in a political aspect.Though it may seem a simple and smooth change it wasnt a golden path through the transformation, nigh still could not accept the fact that black deserve to have the right to vote. Dramatic words and publication were existent during the late 19-century, even a cartoon was published of an African American man dying, and reason of death being he used his right to vote (document F). Soon the African Americans had their he ads soaring high, some people were finally giving them some social respect.Along with the 14th amendment supporting their new freedom things seemed to be changing. Simply re say no state shall make or enforce any law which shall abridge the privileges or immunities of citizens of the United States just with the first statement, African Americans are authorize to even more rights (Document B). Again, the civil rights act of 1875, this enacted that all persons of the U. S. shall be entitled to full enjoyment of accommodations, advantages, and privileges of inns, public water and entertainment.Also stating that this is applicable to every(prenominal) citizen of every race (Document D). Though yet again things were not always so positive and equal. Jim crow laws of the deep south created many restrictions and much un fair treatment. To the achievement of marriages between white and blacks were prohibited in Florida (Document H). In Georgia one could not burry an African American w here whites were buried (Document H). Also, in Mississippi, discussion of or defending for social equality would immediately be guilty of a misdemeanor (Document H).Some cases so harsh that blacks who would assert their rights would face unemployment, eviction, and sometimes somatic harm. From evidence shown the African Americans had dramatic reconstruction stages in both political views along with social views. They certain some respect and rights of being created equal. They also received their right to vote. Though, it didnt all become easy and perfect they had much progress of reconstruction. Many changes were made. As many lives were transformed.

Build-a-Bear Summary Analysis Essay

Build-A-Bear workshop stores were basic established in 1996 by Maxine Clark whose influence came from former CEO of May Department Stores who had stated, retail is entertainment and the store is a stage when customers are happy, they spend more funds ( Dess, c261). Build-A-Bears intentions were to differentiate themselves by giving people the feeling of carry their teddy bear to life. You could give it a heart, a name, a wardrobe and many other personal touches. Build-A-Bear is about two things, entertainment and customization (c261).At the eon of its introduction, following their differentiation strategy, there was not much competition for customized childrens toys. However, after the concept of customization caught on they faced competition from companies such as American Girl and Vermont Teddy Bear. American Girl was marketed to young girls who could make dolls that look like them and even buy matching clothes that the girls and the dolls could both wear. One benefit that Bu ild-A-Bear had against American Girl was the fact that they marketed to all genders and appealed to a wide variety of ages.Parents would bring their young children, both boys and girls in to make dolls and teenagers would bring their boyfriend or girlfriends in to make customized bears as presents. You could even build a bear for your parent or grandparent. As the Build-A-Bear company grew they faced problems, such as a changing industry and a changing market which left them losing edge in their financials. Environmental Analysis. Build-A-Bear started with a handful of stores and it grew to 150 by the end of 2003. They capitalized on the upward trending consumer demand around the holidays when they would rent space in busy malls for their pop up stores.These temporary stores brought increased revenue and gave the company the idea for its veritable corporate strategies of expanding to more permanent stores. They had 344 stores in the US, UK, and Canada by 2010. They set goals that w ould allow a Build-A-Bear store to be within 30 miles of 75% of the US population. though these unfermented permanent stores usually paid for themselves within the first year their wow factor and financial performance quickly diminished period and time again. This no loss expansion worked while saturating the market save was not cutting it when their market further matured.A main reason for the growth is because new stores brought in greater profits which gave the impression that rapid expansion was a wise strategy. They may have expanded too fast though. They lacked the necessary factor in producing reverberate customers and this was becoming a major problem while strict reliance on overexpansion seemed to be clouding the fact they needed some other competitive advantage in the quickly changing toy industry to stay competitive. The real question was how to increase repeat customers and/or increase positiveness of their current operating stores.We devised two ascendants that could help BearFinancials alleviate the problem of their not so attractive earnings beyond the first years. Strategic Alternatives Alternative rootage 1. One option to get the finances in line would be a retrenchment/turnaround strategy in which the underperforming stores would be closed dismission up resources to explore other options for expansion into different markets. Very similar to Subway and Starbucks, Build-a-Bear wanted a store close to a large dower of the population and expanded too far and the companies saw it hurt their finances.Build-A-Bear has the unique features to be a thriving, profitable company for a long time but it needs to be careful not to expand too far where it cannot maintain its current culture and core competencies and this can be done by reducing costs through restructuring. Closing underperforming stores and exploring destinations like international airports where people from all over the world will see their product would be a good starting place . Since people do not frequent the airport so much as other retail establishments they could continuously capitalize on the wow factor because new people would be subjected to their stores every day.By reducing fixed costs and exploring new marketplaces Build-a-Bear should be able to boost financials forthwith with little investment. Alternative Solution 2. The next solution would be to fashion a new line of accessories and programs that promote repeat consumer visits. Build-A-Bear needs to be viewed as a collectible and something worth traveling for. This was not the case which was why stores started to lacking performance after being unfastened a certain list of time.Accessories and maintenance programs could be a way to get people to continue to give Build-A-Bear business even f they are not actually buy a new bear. Implementing new programs such as wardrobe changes, where people would come back to get Bear-makeover, would bring repeat customers. These programs could offer ma tching vestments for the bears and the kids who own them. Children and their bears could then wear matching t-shirts which could also first time sales from consumers marketing the product. Another idea would be a BearWash. Children can be hard on their stuffed animals and sometimes they end up getting dirty.They could set up a bear wash where people would bring their furry friends in for a fur-flush and get it back all nice and clean. All of which would be geared at upselling the consumer upon return in inn to maximize on that repeat visit. Initial investment would be substantial due to acquiring clothing line and additional costs to provide repeat programs. Recommendation Alternative solution 1 would be the best choice for Build-A-Bear at this time. By cutting underperformers they will save millions in fixed costs alone.They could then use this money to expand into locations such as airports and hospitals where it will be easier to maintain that new appeal that made the company s o much money in the first place. This solution requires the least investment in a monetary sense. Underperforming stores should be closed immediately upon identification and new stores should be in operating redact by the end of this calendar year. Build-a-Bear has the right ingredients for continued success they just have to strategically place themselves in markets with the most exposure to non-repeat customers in order to maintain high operating margins beyond the first years.By reducing number of stores in operation they can concentrate on staying profitable and progress into the future where they will then have the means to pursue other avenues such as improving repeat customer sales described in alternative 2. The focus now should be to stop wasteful spending on underperforming stores as soon as possible in order to open up more possibilities and greater flexibility in the future.

Digital Fortress Chapter 26

Sitting on the bench across from the public clinic, Becker wondered what he was mantic to do now. His c on the wholes to the escort agencies had turned up nothing. The commander, uneasy about communication over unsecured public phones, had asked David not to call again until he had the ring. Becker considered qualifying to the local police for help-maybe they had a record of a red- passported hooker-but Strathmore had given strict orders about that too. You are invisible. No one is to know this ring exists.Becker wondered if he was suppositional to wander the drugged-out district of Triana in search of this mystery woman. Or maybe he was supposed to check all the restaurants for an obese German. Everything seemed like a use of time.Strathmores words kept coming back Its a matter of national security you must find that ring.A voice in the back of Beckers head told him hed missed something-something crucial-but for the life of him, he couldnt think what it would be. Im a teacher, n ot a damned secret agent He was beginning to wonder why Strathmore hadnt send a professional. Becker stood up and walked aimlessly down Calle Delicias pondering his options. The cobblestone sidewalk blurred beneath his gaze. Night was falling fast.Dewdrop.There was something about that absurd touch on that nagged at the back of his mind. Dewdrop. The slick voice of Senor Roldan at Escortes Belen was on endless loop in his head. We only have two redheads Two redheads, Inmaculada and Rocio Rocio RocioBecker stopped short. He suddenly knew. And I call myself a actors line specialist? He couldnt believe hed missed it.Rocio was one of the most popular girls names in Spain. It carried all the right implications for a young Catholic girl-purity, virginity, natural beauty. The connotations of purity all stemmed from the names literal meaning-Drop of DewThe old Canadians voice rang in Beckers ears. Dewdrop. Rocio had translated her name to the only language she and her client had in common -English. Excited, Becker hurried off to find a phone.Across the street, a man in wire-rim glasses followed just out of sight.

HCS 483 Final project: health care robots Essay

Types and Uses of Health C are RobotsHealth Care Information SystemsHCS 483September 08, 2013Types and Uses of Health Care RobotsHealth charge robots are exciting advancements in health care delivery by providers. The future of robots in health is promising and the different types of robots are growing. Using robots helps the providers institutionalize better care to their patients and using robots behind the scenes for more accurate delivery of care as well. Surgical robotsThe da Vinci is currently the most known functional robot. It is the only surgical robot available for commercial use. The da Vinci robot is in use for gynecological, prostate, and cardiac surgeries. The da Vinci allows the surgeon to work from a computerized workstation crossways the room from where the patient is prepped on the operating table. The surgeon maneuvers the robotic arms to perform the surgeries. Using the da Vinci eliminates the natural hand tremor that surgeons have through the parcel in the computer system created specifically for that function.Penelope has been developed at Columbia University by general surgeon Dr. Michael Treat with funding from the US armaments Telemedicine and Technology Research Center, in Fort Detrick, MD (Schimpff, 2013, p. 1). Penelope is not currently in use but is a promising robot on the health care horizon. Dr. Michael Treat created Penelope to replace the current surgical assistant that hands the surgeon instruments during surgery. Penelope is equipped with electromagnetic grippers that allows for choice up the instruments the surgeon needs. Penelope arranges the instruments for the procedure, recognizes voice commands, and verbally can respond back to the surgeon. Pharmacy robotsPharmacy robots currently are in use for dispensing medications. The usesare beneficial to the entire hospital staff by reducing medication errors, orders are entered in by the doctors using computerized physician order entry (CPOE), and charging the personif y of the medication to the patients account. The ROBOT-RX is currently in use in 34 states around the country. The ROBOT-Rx automated medication dispensing system prevents medication errors, reduces chemists labor, and lowers drug inventory. The hospital pharmacy robot automates medication storage, selection, return, restock, and crediting functions for 90 percent or more of a hospitals daily medication volume (ROBOT-RX, 2013, p. 1). Telemedicine robotsRemote Presence realistic + Independent Telemedicine Assistant (RP-VITA) is used to assist physicians who are not on-site when a critical patient is admitted to the hospital. The robot is used to connect the off-site physician to the bedside of the patient to assess the patient and give orders to the staff for tests and medications needed for immediate care. Especially useful in the immediate care of stroke patients in the speck department when time is crucial for the delivery of medicines. If the physician is off-site or across the hospital helping other patients, the RP-VITA allows for faster face-to-face response among the physician and the patient. ReferencesImproves patient safety and process efficiency with robotic medication dispensing. (2013). Retrieved from http//www.mckesson.com/pharmacies/hospital-and-health-system/inpatient/pharmacy-automation/robot-rx/ Schimpff, S. C. (2013). Robotics can revolutionize the delivery of medical care. Retrieved from http//www.kevinmd.com/blog/2012/01/robotics-revolutionize-delivery-medical-care.html

Idiots movie friendship analysis

Having a chance to watch the exposure entitled, The 3 Idiots, do me change what I expose and think of about life. It changed who I am now, and it changed how I live my life. Its very an inspirational mental picture and it really gives us incompatible moral lessons about different aspects in life. dealing with a career, friendships, professors, problems and most importantly family. After watching this movie, all I can say is, All is Well. This movie really made me hit me on my head real hard to finally realize how life would be fun without thinking too such of the problems.The concept of movie is very well conveyed to the audience who watched it, of course it really designates how one would deal with life. Dealing with career is quite hard. I mean, thinking on which road to consume what your parents want for you to make them happy, or what you really want to make you happy. Its hard to choose between those but all you nurture to do is to choose any(prenominal) you will not r egret at the end, and which can really make you happy in the end. Dealing with professors. All professors are different in their own. And we have to at least under root word and give respect.Since, they are our professor, they are Just there to guide us to be successful in the road weve took. Dealing with problems. They say, Suicide is a permanent solution for a temporary problem. Yeah, its true, nowadays, people tend to commit suicide because of the problems in life but it is a slay to commit suicide. Its a sin to kill yourself. Life is full of choice and it all depends on you whether to be happy of not. Dealing with Family. They are the ones who guides us in almost every road we take and we should never ever fail them cause we know they are the only ones who can ally supporter us stand to be more successful.Dealing with friends. This movie is really all about friends. Friends are the ones who could really help you change yourself and become stronger more than ever they will hel p you in a way that you will never ever forget. After watching 3 idiots, Vive realize these things and it is a really great movie to show to everyone and be inspired in their life and think of positive things. This movie will help you be an optimist and see life on a brighter side. His movie is quite funny, and it will not get you bore. It will make you laugh till you cry and will make you cry and touch your hearts.

Lead 200

November 19, 2012 Martin Luther queen mole rat junior Leader Assessment Dawan Robinson Leadership 200 Dawan Robinson November 19, 2012 point 200 Martin Luther top executive younger s Biography Martin Luther great power junior was born January 15, 1929 and passed away April 4, 1968 in Atlanta, Georgia. He faced many challenges during the Civil Rights movement. Martin Luther tycoon Jr. had been assaulted several durations by peck on the streets. He received hundreds of ph iodine calls, and letters, which was threatening to kill him. During the movement Martin Luther King Jr. had been arrested much than twenty times.One of the most famous threats was do on Martin Luther King Jr. was on January 30th, 1956. A bomb was thrown into Martin Luther King Jr. s house, as luck would contribute it nobody was heartbreakingly injured. Almost everywhere he went he was harassed. In 1964 he was harassed by a group of black Muslims, they threw stones at him in the streets. On the other hand, in 1957 he was elected president of the Southern Christian Leadership Conference, which was a organization make to provide new drawing cards for the now growing civil repairs movement. The ideals for this organization he got from Christianity and its in force(p) methods came from Gandhi.From the time he was elected the president of Southern Christian Leadership until the time he passed he traveled over six million miles and spoke over twenty-five hundred times, going to speak wherever in that respect was injustice, protest, and action. Also, in that time he wrote five books as strong as a lot of articles. In these years, he led a big protest in Birmingham, Alabama, that grabbed the tending of the entire world, which gave what he called a union of sense of right and wrong. Martin Luther King Jr. s Impact Martin Luther King impacted everyone through a passive protest.He entered love, faith, determination and fearless representation. He didnt only fight for equal rights bu t what most tribe fail to realize is that he was fighting against s nookietiness by recommending that we stop the war in Vietnam and use all of that money to lift our economy so there would be a chance for newfangled Americans of all colors and ages to capture the dream. My personal opinion I felt that when he started speaking out against the war in Vietnam his life was in serious danger. His idea to stop the war and use that money to pull tidy sum out of poverty sc ard the United States government.Martin Luther king demonstrates everything that is good in America. His actions showed that one man or woman can impact the country with a simple message of peace and love through a single unprovocative protest. I would say that Martin Luther King impacted America by teaching us that its wrong to discriminate against people. Also, that all people have the right to go to the same school, the same church, and the same restaurants. He fought for the right of his people to be considered equal with each race. What made him stand out to me is that he was a nonviolent person.He didnt believe in using violence to reach his goal. Many decades later after Martin Luther King Jr. was gunned down on a motel balcony in Memphis, Tenn. , he is still viewed mainly as the black drawing card of a movement for black equality. Martin Luther King Jr. is remembered as an inspirational speaker, whose leadership came from speechmaking. Speeches resembling the I Have a Dream speech at the civil rights march in Washington in August 1963 stimulated people of all races. Martin Luther King Jr. s Leadership When people think of Martin Luther King Jr. , they think of a great leader.I think that Martin Luther Kings famous I have a Dream speech shows just what kind of leader he was. He was a man who was very effective at what he did. Martin Luther King Jr. was described by some as having a unique way of getting people to work together rather than fight. about average leaders will only focus o n results, and that would be all. Good leaders focus on the looks that will get the results and great leaders focus on the emotions that will drive these behaviors. When thinking of being a great leader you have to be a visionary and be undisputable to follow that vision.This was back at a time when African Americans had to sit on designated seats on the bus, until King dreamed that America would rise to a higher place color. The ability to dream and follow his vision is a powerful characteristic and history shows that some of the great leaders were even greater visionaries. If Martin Luther King Jr. didnt dream of equal civic rights, we wouldnt be living in a society where cultural differences are celebrated. Martin Luther King Jr. was a leader who had a lot of self-doubt, and who was aware of his own limitations and his weaknesses.Sometimes he was hesitant to take on the responsibilities that were put on him. For example, during the Montgomery bus boycott, he was conf utilise about the threats to his family. He was more feared rather than confident and secure in his leadership role. Martin Luther King Jr. s ability to deliver a human beings speech showed his strong leadership, in which thats how he got so many supporters. He was able to persuade thousands of people to believe what he believed in. People began to trust in him and to me thats the number one thing you need as a good leader, the trust of your followers.Nobody wants a modest leader when it comes to getting what they want. Determination and confidence is what made him a fearless leader, who jumped right into the problem and made people love him for his courage to stand up and take on the leadership role. It is recognized that Martin Luther King Jr. s leadership demeanors has proven him to be one of the greatest leaders. Almost in every big city in the United States there is a street or school named after him. This shows how greatly his graspments are misunderstood and most of them are found in black neighborhoods.Throughout this analysis I will be discussing the dissimilar variety styles of leadership theories that Martin Luther King Jr. used. He used theories such as, path-goal theory, situational theory, and the servant leadership theory. Path-Goal Theory Defined In addition, when it comes to the path-goal theory it is described to be a leadership concept that the subordinates accept a leaders behavior only so far as they view it as causing an immediate or future benefit. Therefore, a leaders main function is to clear a path to the realization of the ubordinates goals. They have to decide the behavior patterns that are most relevant in helping the subordinates get what they want. Path-goal theory is used by almost every successful leader. Martin Luther King used path-goal theory, which is designed to show how leaders can help subordinates along the path to their goals by choosing specific behaviors that are best fit to the subordinates needs and to the situation in which subordinates are working. Martin Luther King was a great leader because he was able to direct and motivate subordinates.In my opinion to be a good path-goal leader, a leader has to be cogitate on being instructive, supportive, participative, and achievement. The leader should be able to adapt and realize what motivates the subordinate. If a subordinate needs to have control on a project, the leader should be participative and provide involvement. On the other hand, if a subordinate has a need for involvement, the leader should be supportive and provide nurturance. The path-goal theory is important because it allows the leader to see what behaviors will affect the subordinate positively and negatively.This theory allows the leader to shift their leadership style based on the subordinates personality. Martin Luther King wanted people to think differently. I believe that because he wanted people to think differently, helped him remove obstacles for subordinates. It challenged people to make a difference. Most leaders wanted people to do exactly what theyre told, but Martin Luther King wanted people to think outside the box and think differently. Martin Luther King in addition gave support for subordinates. He supported new ideas that the subordinates came up with and this also helped make things happen, manage equality throughout the world.Situational Leadership Theory Defined When viewing the situational leadership theory, it describes this leadership style as belief that effective leadership requires flexibility in leadership styles depending on the situation. In other address, the leader has to adjust his style to fit the increase level of the followers he is seek to influence. With situational leadership, it is up to the leader to change his style, not the follower to adapt to the leaders style. This leadership style may change continually to meet the desires of others in the organization based on the situation. Martin Luther King Jr. s great w ith using situational leadership. When a decision is needed, an effective leader doesnt just fall into one style, such as using transactional or transformational styles. There are different causes that affect situational decisions, which include the penury and the ability of the followers. Which, this is affected by causes within the particular situation. With situational leadership, the relationship between the followers and the leader may be another factor that affects leader behavior as much as it does follower behavior in different situations. Martin Luther King Jr. s observation of his followers and the situation will have an affect on what they do rather than the truth of the situation. His perception of his self and other factors such as stress and mood will also change the leaders behavior in different situations. I believe Martin Luther King follows the situational approach of leadership because he has the ability to adapt to the variety of followers and environments as we ll as opposing attitudes. I also believe he was mostly using the coaching style. He was a very supportive person, but at the same time he directed people with his speeches on the direction people needed to go.When looking at the styles approach, I believe he was unfeignedly relationship oriented. To me this means that he had a lot of concern for the people. When seeing the skills model, motivation was one of the keys to his individual attribute. He had the dream that stir everybody. He was also great with problem-solving skills and social judgment skills. He was able to get all these people to work with him and follow him to pursue his dream. He was great at adapting to different situations when doing his speeches. He got the vibe from the audiences and adapted from them.He observed his followers and grabbed their attention by relating to the situation at hand, Servant Leadership Defined Servant leadership stresses the immenseness of the role a leader plays as the factor of the r esources of a organization, and teaches leaders to serve others while still achieving the goals that are set. A servant leader is a servant first, who has responsibility to be in the world, so he contributes to the well-being of people and the community. A servant leader looks to the desires of the people and asks his self how he can help them to solve problems and promote personal development.He puts his main focus on people, because only content and motivated people are able to reach their targets and to achieve the set expectations. Martin Luther King followed the servant leadership theory because he was a servant first who contributed to the well-being of people and the community. He had the ability to be invigorate and also inspire his followers. To me Martin Luther King Jr. is one of the most inspirational and influential leaders in recent history. He actually preached and practiced servant-leadership.During a time when fear and segregation took over his country, he picked fo rgiveness and compromise instead of getting revenge and retaliating. He was a representative of positive change, trying to heal a country that was in a bad situation and had people that showed prejudice, hatred, and discrimination. Martin Luther King took on a different approach than what others would do, instead of hating the people who disliked him he chose to love them instead. He insisted Americans to stop judging and start understanding each other. Like most great leaders, he used his words to empower, heal, and reunite people.A lot can be learned in his I have a dream speech, when relating to servant leadership. I would say Martin Luther King used servant leadership because when he was faced with a problem, he looked for solutions that would benefit everyone, not just him. When something went wrong, he would take the blame. When things went well, he shared the credit with others. He told everyone the same story, even when it was difficult. He knew that he didnt have all the an swers, so he looked for advice from others. He worked hard and inspired others to do the same as well. Martin Luther King, Jr. is a great example of a servant leader.His life shows the great power of servant leadership to totally change an entire nation. Conclusion In conclusion, Martin Luther King, Jr. accomplished many great things during his life. He has impacted my life deeply. If it were not for him, there would be lots of racism in my school. If this happened, there would be too much attention given to misbehaved students and not enough to my education. When I grow up I want to follow in his footsteps. Just like my hero Martin Luther King, I want to win a Nobel Prize. That would be my greatest accomplishment. Luckily, we had Martin Luther King, Jr. to put an end to racism.There is still some racism, but with Martin Luther King Jr. s words in our heart, we can stop whatever racism there is left. Dr. Martin Luther King delivered the speech many wished they could have written and he inspired lives others were not able to. He also changed the way of thinking of those who were unaware before his I Have a Dream speech. He definitely made a difference, and continues to inspire people, not only for standing up to everyone and anyone but because he fought through obstacles put in his way and never backing down, and constantly believing he would accomplish his goal until turning his dream into a reality.Work Cited * Donald T. Phillips. Martin Luther King, Jr. On Leadership Inspiration and Wisdom for Challenging Times. January 1999. untried York, New York. * Keith, Kent M. The Case for Servant Leadership Greenleaf Center for Servant Leadership, 2008. Westfield, IN. * Huggins, Nathan Irvin. The Journal of American History Martin Luther King Jr. Charisma and Leadership. Vol. 74. No. 2. September 1987. Pp. 477-481. Mississippi Valley.

Multicultural in school setting Essay

The article, what makes a school multicultural? talks more or less social swap in the monastic order. The concept of multiculturalism has non been clarified but e actuallyone has an idea of what it is and they ar thus left to calculate with their believes and biases. The article is well written and talks of the 21st century as a century that is very sensitive to culture focused on international matters as a way of holdting orientation to the future because industrial changes that ar taking place crap caused the environment to suffer greatly.Multiculturalism has been shown to promote abide by for all different type of people from the various races (Roysircar & Sandhu, 2003). The schools according to this article regard themselves as multicultural because of the sort that they collect racially and socialally. The article does not however give a clear dish up as to if this is what makes the schools to be multicultural. The article discusses multiculturalism in the schools as an imperative of the law and the society. It also says that diversity should be valued.The article says that for a school to be considered as a multicultural it should implement it policies, perspectives, programs, practices and personnel to have a reflection on the heterogeneity of the affirmative action, which is dynamic. It should also be sensitive to needs of the groups, which complicate the student population. They should also be in a position to create an ambiance socially and culturally. The schools general mission should be incorporated by its policies. The article says that the society is changing in a rapid rate and this is what forces the schools to also embrace the changes.Question 1 Opportunities and challenges that ethnic diversity poses to our society and our schools (N. Y) Some of the opportunities that the ethnic diversity poses to our society are that, it allows the people to immigrate into the other countries. For example, the United States has many immigra nts who have return from different parts of the world some to work and some to learn. We have seen that many students who have are immigrants perform very well in schools due to availability of resources.It is also important to educate children about ethnic diversity so that they can understand about the stereotypes and the negativism that is directed towards various groups of people. When students get to learn that their ethnic group is valued, they get a very high self-esteem and become confident that they are indeed living in a society that is free. Some of the challenges brought about by this diversity are that, the society lacks a common heritage on which to base its education system on (Roysircar & Sandhu, 2003). ethnic Diversity poses issues of insecurity in natural York and majority of other countries through terrorism in the society because people especially the Muslims are stereotyped to be involved in many bombings. Ethnic diversity casefuls prejudices because it is r egarded to be the cause of some of the social problems that are modern. These problems are unemployment, competition among groups in the society and in general the urban decay. Especially when the parsimony is not doing, well the minority in the New York are undermined. For the schools, they become flooded and the children end up dropping out.In addition, the college education becomes expensive for the immigrants since they are in a foreign land. Question 2 Contributions of the Arab Americans in the society and Challenges that they fountain. Arab American have greatly contributed to America in the sense that, they have lawyers educators and doctors among them in America. They are hence are in a position to help fight against diseases such as cancer and leukemia. Danny Thomas who was an Arab American Doctor, helped to establish a cancer centre for children that bore his name and today so many American children have benefited from this foundation.They have also helped America to div ersify its cultures and languages, which even though it required a huge funding they were competent to raise it with time. They also hold other positions that American can hold and hence contribute to the economy in the same measure. The Arab Americans face the challenge of being distrusted. This makes the Arab Americans feel that America is being unjustifiably contrasted towards them. However, as much as the mistrust exists, majority of the Arab American love America (Donaldson, 2001). They also face the challenge of racism, misinformation about their history, discrimination and negative stereotyping.A stereotype goes that says they are the majority in the American prisons. The misconception about Arab Americans is spread through teachers, peers and mostly through the media, which depicts them as terrorist in movies. To solve some of the challenges that face them, the media has to change its stand and support the Arab Americans so that they can be treated equally in the society. If this does not happen the Arab Americans have, the task of having to work more than they have usually work in order to be treated equally it the society (Pope-Davis, 2003).REFERENCES Donaldson, K. (2001). Shattering the denial protocols for the classroom and beyond. London. Greenwood Publishing Group, Pope-Davis, D. (2003). Handbook of multicultural competencies in counseling & psychology. London. SAGE. Roysircar, G. & Sandhu, D. (2003). Multicultural competencies a guidebook of practices. Dublin. AMCD. Rosado, C. (1995). Critical Multicultural Pavilion what makes a school multicultural? Print viewed on July 24th, 2010. http//www. edchange. org/multicultural/papers/caleb/multicultural. html

Chapter summaries for Better by Atule Gawande Essay

Mr. Gawande starts his literature on race pass. He introduces two friends a microbiologist and an infectious disease specialist. Both work hard and diligently against the airing of diseases fairish like Semmelweis who is mentioned in the chapter. aboutthing I learned, that non m any(prenominal) realize, is that individually year two gazillion people acquire an infection while they ar in the hospital. Mainly because the clinicians un little wash their hands one-third to one-half as many times as they should. Semmelweis, mentioned earlier, concluded in 1847 that set ups themselves were to blame for barbarianbed fever, which was the leading cause of maternal death in childbirth. The best solutions ar apparently the sanitizing gels that view as plainly recently caught on in the U.S. and then there was an initiative to make the sanitizing easier for exclusively told. The engineer Perreiah came up with solutions that gave the staff more time which was revolutionary in itself exactly the format worked only under his supervision. After he left it all went down the drain, so, Lloyd a surgeon who had helped Perreiah decided to do more research and was randy when he encountered the positive deviance moveiment, the idea of building on peoples capabilities instead of arduous to change them. The idea worked and yet got funding for ecstasy more hospitals across the plain. At the end of the chapter Dr.Gawande ponders upon the idea of how many he has infected because of his lack of cleansing. Chapter 2 The Mop-UpThis chapter starts off with the tall(prenominal)y of application program. Yet there are many who have managed to de blend inr that expectation on an incredible scale. The task of distri only whening polio vaccines to millions of people, many in rural areas, was evidently a long and complicated task. The WHO had a team of only hundreds and had to teach the essential vaccination subprograms to the volunteers and local representatives, pe ople who went door to door in all of these areas. Their tar draw and quarter for the introduction of the vaccine was 90%.It was definitely complicated to try to keep the supplies in a constant outpour when there were only so many. For example, the vaccines needed to stay on ice to be effective.Something that seemed counterproductive and b some othersome was the lack of development in some places. For example, some villagers didnt even know the vaccines were approach that day so they had been mixed-up and others blinded by their ignorance didnt want to vaccine their children. One such case led to a woman who refused the vaccines for her child but later went on to regret it when her own daughters legs stick limply aside. Gawande traveled with a Pankaj who made rounds checking on the progress of the volunteers and making corrections as necessary. The diligence in reporting gave the WHO the necessary information to learn from that mop-up. The commitment to accumulating meaningful da ta and the commitment to perusing and learning from that data is just as important as the actual process of vaccination itself. Chapter 3 Casualties of WarCasualties of War, covers the efforts of battlefield surgeons in Iraq and Afghanistan to save as many wounded in the wars as possible. A Forward Surgical Team (FST) can set up all their equipment in the combat zones in less than 60 minutes. The travel time of a seriously wounded soldier from the frontlines back to the US averages 4 days in Vietnam, it occurred in an average of 45 days, which as any doctor knows any second is crucial. The centralise of the FSTs is damage control, not definitive repair.The wounded are then sent on to a temporary treatment facility straight off if their injuries are serious they are then sent back to the US within a few days. The goal is for each level of treatment to expose the patient the best portion for extract and then trust the next step in the range of mountains to do its part to carry on the treatment. Gawande relates the incredible story of one individual with blast injuries who was open up at the FST, received life-saving surgery and had arteries tied off, then he was cleaned out, packed with ice, and sent on an air evacuation still left open from surgery with a note taped to him explaining what was do to the nearest combat hospital and a sunrise(prenominal) surgical team.By analyzing the patterns of injuries and treatment, other basic life-saving measures were implemented. For example, soldiers coming into treatment were instal to be without their Kevlar. When asked why? They would complain about the weight, the heat, and the discomfort. Orders were issued that Kevlar was to be taken seriously and the injuries became less frequent. Gawandes point is that reporting is vital todiligence just as it was for the WHO supervisor chiping malaria these doctors record the details and results of each case. They understand, as Gawande writes, that vigilance over the details of their own performance offered the only chance to do better. Chapter 4 NakedThe chapter is titled Naked and concerns the exam room etiquette that doctors and patients expect from one some other and often uncomfortably tiptoe around. on that point is an allusion to a movie that has the fe young-beacquiring(prenominal) patient separated by a dark blanket like screen from the doctor. The doctors son who is about sextette years old is the communicator. Even though they are clearly audible to each other they storage area until the boy speaks to them. This is the matter of decency. According to this literature some doctors feel uncomfortable with the whole process. There is rattling no established ground as to how to go about it. The author relates anecdotally that some patients and doctors find that having a chaperone present makes things worse.For example, when asking a female nurse to come in when a male doctor is examining a female patient makes the patient more nervou s than sooner. The patient perhaps did not sense a cause for concern and is then put on the defensive. Most of all its about trust. The author relates occasions in which he felt aversion for the gowns but when the matters seemed to get to inept or difficult he resulted to the exposing gowns. One out of every two hundred physicians is disciplined for versed misconduct. Interns of both sexes on an average have had at least one incident of patient-initiated sexual behavior. So it is not uncommon for the spatial relation to be more than just tricky. The chaperone helps both sides, the patient and the doctor, if any situation were to arise. Chapter 5 What Doctors OweWhat Doctors Owe, the fifth chapter of Better continues the discussion of doing right and focuses on malpractice lawsuits. The main focus of this chapter is a doctor-turned-malpractice lawyer he stands out because most doctors hate malpractice suits. Even the lawyer says he detested them as a doctor. He said he was sued three times and two were nuisance suits with no basis, but the third was a case in which he made a checkup demerit which led to the harm of his patient. He appeared to feel legitimately bad about it. He argued that the system allows those who are harmed to come forward and receive some compensation which makes them better able to deal with their injury. Former Dr.Lang took up a case against Dr.Kenneth Reed for the Barbara Stanley trial.Reed had diagnosed melanoma on Barbara and insisted an extensive surgery was needed and she refused it because it seemed disfiguring to her. He got a second opinion and the tests for melanoma came back negative. Two years later the growth reappeared. She died but not before telling Lang she wanted to sue Reed. Doctors strive to care for patients as best as possible, but of course there are instances where they make honest mistakes or are plain negligent, and that has to be addressed because it is the patient who pays. The downside of malpractice, as Gawande argues it, is that it is an essentially adversarial system which pits patients against doctors against insurance. He argues that it brings out the worst in all parties involved. Chapter 6 PieceworkPiecework, is on doctors pay and its inevitable connection to the health insurance industry. According to this chapter every hospital has a Master Chart of prices for every imaginable health care procedure. Everything from a checkup to a surgery is listed with the price which is later charged to a patient, which inevitably is forwarded to an insurer. This raises an interesting question because it also sets limits on what doctors can make. If you are paying doctors via the Master Chart, then the more diagnosis they perform, the more they are getting paid. Either that or they can charge above the standard rate. One such doctor mentioned in this chapter did just that. He was considered an expert in a certain field and charged nearly ten times the standard rate.He also mandated paymen ts in full by patients, none of this pay-through-insurance mess. He did coarse business and was paid more than most doctors while doing less work. Another potential solution was assay by a doctor-run health care cooperative in Vermont. Several doctors with different specializations grouped unitedly and charged patients a flat rate, while they took flat salaries. They were therefore able to manage the efficiency of their medical care. Their network grew, and eventually they added doctors of other specializations. Eventually the co-op became one of Vermonts biggest insurers, ironic because they were trying to get away from the big insurance methods. Sure enough, size brought problems. The head and founder of the network left after a certain point, somewhat disappointed with the outcome. He cautions at the end of the article that at some point soon, the apparently untenable insurance and reimbursement system will need to be changed for the benefit of doctors and patients.Chapter 7 T he Doctors of the Death ChamberThe Doctors of the Death Chamber. This sections starts off with the death of Michael Morales by lethal injection. Under the typical protocol the anesthesiologist administers the sodium thiopental which is expected to halt breathing within a minute of the administration. Then the paralytic agent is introduced, followed by a fatal dose of potassium chloride. Then later, the judge found that at least eight patients had not stopped breathing when the technicians gave the paralytic agent. The California Medical Association, the AMA, and the ASA immediately opposed such participation in a prisoners death as a clear violation of the medical ethic codes. The author was intrigued by how the Doctors and Nurses sorted between playing skillfully, acting lawfully, and acting ethically in such situations.Ever since the Gregg v. Georgia matter only two prisoners were execute by firing squad, three by hanging, and eleven by gas chamber. Pages 132 and 133 had details about the close of each form of punishment. Some like the famous George Wallace were unlucky and had to endure physical pain for an prolonged amount of time. Many doctors, even though forbidden from participating, still take part in the execution. Some will help or just pronounce the prisoner dead, either way they cant help feeling they are doing something wrong as reported by some of the interviewed doctors. They cant help but feel they themselves are the executioners. Chapter 8 On FightingThis chapter is based on the fight so to say some patients have to deal with. The story of a high school narrative teacher is an example of someone who was unstrained to risk the complications of life just to be able to live it. He had a reappearing cancer in his left kidney. Through many setbacks he was last seen in a long-term care facility. Despite the great advancements in his health he seemed to be in worse shape physically than before and then he was confronted with the realization tha t he might not be able to walk ever again. Not only are they, the patients like Thomas, fighting but so are the doctors in charge.Another story about a young twelve year-old Callie had a similar reappearing tumor that came back just as big as before despite all the treatment. Although her family kept fighting, eventually her parents thought it was too cruel to keep Callie living such a difficult life. Many cases have been found that just by the doctors fight for a patients survival the odds get better for the patient. Many premature babies thought dead were brought back to life and were even able to live as a normal a life as possible. The topic of this chapter was neer Stop Fighting, because even when the odds are against your favor there is always that one person we wished the doctors never stopped fighting for. Chapter 9 The ScoreThe Score starts off with Rourkes experiences as a doctor delivering babies. Then the moment comes when she herself has to give birth. She knew the pro cess and wanted the procedure to go as smoothly as possible. The thing she was most afraid of was losing control of what was done to her. The chapter delves deeply into the process of giving birth. For example, the dilation of the cervix, and so on Needless to say it is a complicated process which in consequence led to many child and young womens deaths earlier on in history. The most problematic is the exiting of the childs head. There have been many methods that can be effective if used correctly, but deadly in other situations for liberating the child. The concept of the forceps when it first appeared had been kept secret for more than a century. The device was developed by puppet Chamblin. The score relates to the Apgar score that was created to measure the childs chance of survival rate. This helped some cases that looked frugal before that, look hopeful. Chapter 10 The Bell CurveThis chapter deals with the outliers overall. Dr. Gawande relates a story about a child named Ann ie. Annie was diagnosed with cystic fibrosis. It is a recessive disorder therefore, despite ten million people carrying the gene about a thousand American children are diagnosed with it per year. Her parents took her to Cincinnati Childrens and despite the hospitals effort they were negligent to say that they were not among the countrys top centers for children with cystic fibrosis. It used to be assumed that differences between doctors and facilities were insignificant. When plotting a graph of the results for each hospital it was expected to see a sharksfin but instead what was seen was a bell curve. LeRoy Mathews was at the top of that bell curve. As other hospitals adapted to Mathews ideas his facility just kept improving at a tremendous rate. In 2001 CF tried a new approach with its patients. They were open. They were willing to speak about how other facilities were doing versus theirs. Berwick a former pediatrician was giving grants to hospitals that were willing to try his id ea. Not a single family left the program. CF improved greatly after that. Warwick was another(prenominal) positive deviant. He was aggressive, and inventive. He came up with a cough to be able to get the more accumulated mucus out. The chapter sums up with the overall constant fight against settling for the average. Chapter 11 For PerformanceFor Performance. This chapter sums the book of account up and is its own piece. It starts off with an introduction of a fellow doctor of his who has CF. Then we are led to a see how a certain Dr.Motewar in the Nanded hospital deals with the mass of people needing attention and care. The man was of ordinary appearance yet he saw at least 36 patients in three hours, most had serious complications. What was astounding to the author were the many skills developed by these doctors. He had sink expectations so to say. There was a man who died from a treatable lung collapse because of the lack of instruments.It is very common for patients to have to go out and buy their own medical instruments and medications for the procedures to be held. Dr.Motewar and his colleagues had developed a better procedure for ulcer removal despite the conditions and lack of equipment they have. Many techniques that seem almost crude and basic were truly life saving. The doctors from which the author observed in the chapter had their own methods which would not have flown in the United States. This chapters topic was about the never-ending search for a better performance in any situation you have.

Knowledge to Assess Essay

commencements A and B agree with the rendering that the creation of the country of Union Italy was callable mainly to the contain of France with base A arguably providing the strongest leaning for this. two the ascendants confirm that France was committed to providing military assistance to Piedmont with seminal fluid A clearly stating that France has decided to post Piedmont with all their power in a fight against Austria and starting time B backing this up by saying Piedmont might rely upon our vigorous concomitant if attacked by Austria.Both the Sources excessively prove that french backup was burning(prenominal) as both Sources show concern for the diplomatic consequences in the event of war with Austria with Source A saying provided the war could be justified in diplomatic circles and in the eye of french public opinion and Source B confirming this by saying my first employment was to my country and its interests. Both Sources are secure as evidence that th e creation of the res publica of Northern Italy was due mainly to the affirm of France. In Source A, Cavour is attempting to persuade the King to support war as Piedmont has the support of the French. The author and purpose prove steady-going as at the Congress of Paris after the Crimean War, a healthy dealingship was established between Piedmont and France. Cavour is right to say such things in his letter as pile did in fact show a great en indeediasm for the Italian cause and was a dedicated supporter of the Carbonari in his youth.In Source B, pile is attempting to gain support from Queen capital of Seychelles of England whilst not alarming her at the prospect of war with Austria, a country whom she was pre-disposed to liking. What Napoleon says in Source B is unsurprising and he is correct to say such things as 7 months have passed since the inscrutable meeting at Plombieres which was in fact no longer secret by now. Tensions had been raised and Napoleon had become alarmed by this. The author, image and purpose of Source B prove reliable in Source B as intumesce as Source A. The sizeableness of French support is also mentioned briefly in Source E where headmaster Emmanuel states that Piedmont has gratitude to France for the services she has rendered to Italy and makes a sacrifice for France.Again Source E is reliable asconcessions in the form of Savoy and Nice were made to France in bring to for their support in the 1859 war against Austria. Arguably Source C also implies that French support was important in creating the Kingdom of Northern Italy. Piedmont are seen to be struggling alone and French support was and so important in victories such as those at Magenta and Solferino where French military support was the main factor in securing the victory. To conclude, Sources A and B provide the strongest evidence that French support was the main reason that a Kingdom of Northern Italy was created with Sources C and E also backing this up. Source A and B are reliable, accurate evidence considering opinions from both the French and Piedmontese making this group in support of the interpretation very strong.On the other hand, Sources C, D and E disagree with the interpretation that the creation of the Kingdom of Northern Italy was due mainly to the support of France with Sources E and D providing the strongest argument for this and claiming Piedmontese initiatives to be of greater importance. Both these Sources state that the work of Piedmontese citizens were far more important in securing the creation of a Kingdom of Northern Italy with Source E clearly stating central Italy has been delivered thanks to the remarkable courage of its inhabitants and Lombardy has been freed thanks to the glorious exploits of our heroes and Source D backing this up by saying Assemblies which now exist in central Italy.Contrastingly, Source C claims that French support was extremely lacking and accuses Napoleon of inactivity and duplicity, forcing the burden of the war thrust to be shouldered by Piedmont whilst implying that France were self-interested and enquiring as to what they would get out of it.Sources D and E are reliable as evidence that the creation of the Kingdom of Northern Italy was due to Piedmontese initiatives. In Source D, Walewski is warning the Piedmontese of the consequences of sidelining the French in the Central Duchies. Walewski is right to make such warnings as the French had concerns about instability ranch into the Papal States and that therefore the terms of the Villafranca agreement would be invalid and Piedmont would not be guaranteed the possession of Lombardy.In Source E, Victor Emmanuel is attempting to explain to the Parliament in Turin why he has sacrificed Savoy and Nice. What Victor Emmanuel says in source E is also unsurprising as it is typical of him to make a Risorgimento talking to crediting Italians rather than the French as he was a believer in Italia fara da se. The date of Source E also makes it reliable as in April 1860, the war against Austria had finished and, when compared with source C and D, Victor Emmanuel has the advantage of hindsight enabling him to comment on both the importance of Italian initiatives as well as French support, despite leaving the services that France rendered to Italy undefined.However, Source C is far less reliable as evidence that the creation of the Kingdom of Northern Italy was not due to the support of France. In Source C, the English political cartoon is attempting to belittle the importance of French support by making the French out to look greedy. What the cartoonist shows in Source C is unsurprising as British hostility toward Napoleon and the French was rife due to the long wars with Napoleon Bonaparte which ended in 1815 and the bitter relations that then existed between the British and the French. To conclude, sources B and D, written by the French Napoleon and Walewski stress the importance French in regard to diplo macy and agreements made between France and Piedmont. Sources A and E however, written by the Piedmontese Cavour and Victor Emmanuel stress the role of Cavours diplomacy and Italian heroes whilst simply acknowledging moral and military support of the French.In summary, the importance of the French was an extremely important factor in the creation of a Kingdom of Northern Italy as France provided military support at the battles of Magenta and Solferino and gave Lombardy and eventually Venetia over to Piedmont thus creating a Kingdom of Northern Italy.

Critical Issues For The United States

Deliberation suggests c atomic number 18ful thought or reflection, consideration of alternatives, and may to a fault imply cosmos discussion, processes working toward collective judgments. For divergent reasons, liberals and their critics would agree that deliberation is interchange to citizenship. For liberals, deliberation in the public sphere is slavish to the purposes and interests of free aroundbodys, combining with other private citizens to develop and pursue common interests.For those with a much communitarian perspective, public deliberation is part of the process through which citizens atomic number 18 buildlyly constituted and democratic involution is thus subjective on the wholey rather than instrumentally valuable. At Syracuse Universitys Maxwell School of Citizenship and Public Affairs, we have developed a team-taught, cross-disciplinary approachible science runway which emphasizes public deliberation not only on policy issues, but on the mingying of citizenship itself.Our course empower Critical Issues for The join States along with its sister-course, The Global Community originated with a year-long process of intensive discussion and prep bedness among a group of faculty drawn from the sundry(a) academic departments and programs of the Maxwell School The courses we developed were archetypal offered during the 1993-94 academic year, and have underg champion annual revisions some modest, some much substantial ever since. The fundamental ideas be the courses have not changed, however they remain focused upon citizenship, understood in terms of practices of public deliberation.Our courses were intentional as multidisciplinary survey courses which would, in the process of discussing issues important to the lives of our students, introduce them to some of the major concepts and modes of analysis apply in the various social science disciplines represented at the Maxwell School. There was from the outset, then, a experie nce of multiplicity of perspective built into the core concept of these courses. They would not present a single circular-knit vision of social life or advertk to find the sensation right answer. Rather, they would present fourfold interpretations of each(prenominal) issue we dealt with, some convergent, some in direct conflict.We would try to link these interpretations to fundamental assumptions slightly the nature of social life, and to show how these basic conceptual frameworks were related to opposite normative orientations and semi policy-making positions that is, to different practices of citizenship. We would invite students to ponder the implications of the various perspectives we discussed, to consider the consequences for their lives as citizens, but we would not push for closure or consensus. We would emphasize the process of deliberation, rather than any particular result.We expose students to different ways of knowing social reallyity the hypothesis-testing ap proach of orthodox social science, rudimentary rational choice theory, to a greater extent interpretive actualiseings of social action, and comminuted theory models which realizek organic think between knowing the world and recreating the world. We try to stress the idea that different ways of knowing are associated with different modes of action and, ultimately, with alternative possible worlds. How acquaintance is socially piddleed is thus a crucial dimension of citizenship, and an important aspect of this course.FormatAs part of our emphasis on processes of deliberation, we wanted to move away from the passive, lecture-based format typical of introductory survey courses at larger universities. In many such courses, if students are involved in smaller discussion sections at all, they are typically led by graduate doctrine assistants and are at best an adjunct to the primary, lecture-driven substance of the course. In contrast, the Maxwell courses were designed so that two- thirds of students class time would be spent in discussion sections of no more than fifteen, led by members of a team representing a cross-section of the Maxwell School faculty.To accentuate for students that these discussion sections were not merely the caboose on a lecture-driven train, but were rather the motor of this course, a substantial part of their final course grade (currently 25 percent) is directly linked to their level of participation in these discussions. Particular faculty members meet twice each week with the same discussion groups so that a sense of mutual familiarity and group identity could develop, fostering candor in discussion and a get outingness to think out loud.Once a week, rotating pairs of faculty share the responsibility of lecturing to a comprehensive in which all the discussion sections meet together. These lectures typically present alternative perspectives or ways of idea about some general question or issue area. Faculty attempt to model quick -witted activity for students, thinking through the strengths and weaknesses of various perspectives, underscoring their implications for politics and social life. Often, faculty provide present perspectives with which they do not agree, and will state so at the outset.In this way, they may illustrate for students that there is an comprehendible train of reasoning behind each position, and that our fist t convey as critical thinkers and citizens is to try to understand that reasoning. Implicitly we pose the question why would reasonable people hold such a ensure? In the first instance, then, our objective is to help students to feel the attraction which draws scholars and citizens to a particular perspective, its intellectual power, its political promise, its vitality. We then try to tang the tensions or limits of each perspective.Again, the emphasis is on deliberation rather than control condition of a given fund of knowledge, but we do expect students to understand key conce pts, arguments and funding evidence for each of the major positions we deal with, and ultimately to be able to incorporate these into their own critical judgments and deliberations. To deemphasize rote pictureing, we abandoned conventional exams altogether. Instead, frequent writing assignments are integrated into the course as one more mode of deliberation and discussion.Students contribute regularly to a computerized citizenship log in which they are asked to re-sentencing comments on a particular issue or idea in the course secular. To encourage students to go on to class prepared to actively discuss the material at hand, we may ask them to write a brief paragraph responding to each days readings and perhaps to post this response on the electronic log for other members of the class to see. In addition to addressing regular sprys from the faculty, students may also make each other on the electronic log, continuing or anticipating classroom discussions.Often, faculty will re position students e-log entries preliminary to class and use them to construct an agenda for more focused group discussion. We also employ more traditional forms of writing. From time to time, we ask students to write very brief (1-2 page) response papers which focus their assistance directly upon substantive points judged by the faculty team to be in particular significant. Frequently these will be concepts or issues which will be important for future deliberative essays. This helps students early on to begin get on to grips with key claims or ideas, and enables the faculty to gauge their supremacy in doing so.This may be a multipurpose diagnostic tool disappointing performance on response papers may then foreshadow to us that particular students need additional help with key concepts, or they may reveal that the perfect class needs to spend more time collectively working through some especially difficult points. Finally, each major unit of the course culminates in a some what longer deliberative essay in which students are asked to critically assess various perspectives and formulate a position proportional to the major theme or issue of that unit.These essays are kept short (typically around louver pages) in ordering to encourage students to be as concise as possible, to make deliberate decisions about what material is most significant, to develop summarization skills and to preclude the kitchen sink approach to paper writing. To aid students in the evolution of essay writing skills, the faculty have prepared lengthy writing guidelines which include such bedrock as how to construct and tide over a reasoned argument, how such arguments differ from assertions of opinion, how to use sources and avoid plagiarism.To beef up our seriousness about the development of analytical writing skills, our grading criteria are keyed to these guidelines and we provide extensive written feedback on essays pointing out where there is significant room for impro vement. We also make available to students annotated examples of especially strong essays so that students can see for themselves the kinds of work they are capable of producing and what faculty graders are looking for for in student writing.Altogether, students would write 5-8 papers of various lengths, and anywhere from a dozen to several dozen computer log entries. To aid faculty in designing these writing assignments, and to advise students on how to construct them, our faculty team includes an instructor from the universitys writing program who has been involved in course training from the outset, is familiar with the readings, attends all our lectures, and participates actively in faculty meetings.We have found the writing instructor to be especially valuable in helping us to design writing assignments which balance the open-endedness requirement for real deliberation with the concreteness required to hold student interest. In keeping with this relatively open-ended format , we avoided adopting any normal textbooks, and instead assembled a custom reader which presents students with the challenge of interpreting multiple voices and engaging a novelty of perspectives.In addition to our reader, we assign three books representing particular positions on each of the major issues under discussion. To prevail creative tension and space for deliberation, we are careful to include in our reader several counterpoints to each of the books we assign. Our goal is to provide students with enough material to construct a critical and also a supporting position with regard to each major reading.We have also developed a home page on the World Wide Web in order to give students the opportunity to explore the ample graze of resources available in cyber-space. Our home page contains all the materials which would be found in a syllabus, together with guidelines for the different kinds of writing assignments students will encounter, annotated examples of strong studen t essays, information about members of the faculty team, links to computerized discussion forums for each class section, and links to a variety of resources external to the university.Newspapers and magazines, presidency agencies, political parties, advocacy groups, think tanks, data bases and archives are made accessible through our network page. Our hope is that this array of electronic resources will not just facilitate nurture through the classroom experience, but will also prompt students to consider the links between issues and perspectives discussed in class and those they encounter in the media and on the web.To further encourage this, we directly incorporate web materials into some of our class sessions for example, we used material from the web sites of industry, environmental, and citizens groups to facilitate a role-playing exercise in which groups of students were asked to interpret the position of a particular group and to suffer to class prepared to assume their i dentity and negotiate with others based upon what they had learned from the web sites we assigned.Substantive VehicleCritical Issues for The United States began as a series of debates on issues which faculty planning teams thought to be important ones for students as citizens. Early versions of the course focused upon such issues as individual rights and the responsibilities of citizenship the size and scope of federal government as well as the relative merits of governmental centralization and decentralization unequal access to fiber knowledge race and affirmative action and the environment.However, over successive semesters, student evaluations suggested that these issues and the arguments relevant to them were being sensed as separate and disconnected. The course was not providing students with a way to connect these discussions to contested visions of civic life, to see that positions on different issues might be linked by similar understandings of citizenship, to understand that policy debates are also debates about the kind of society we wish to live in and the kinds of citizens we want to be.To provide a substantive vehicle which would refocus the course on contested entailings of civic life and citizenship, and to help students see more clearly the linkages between these visions and particular political positions, we introduced a new integrative theme for the course as a whole the the Statesn breathing in reconsidered. We ask students to deliberate on questions such as the following What has the American day-dream meant historically? What meanings does it have for people today?How do visions of the American intake help us to think about ourselves as citizens, and what difference does it make if we think about the inspiration in one way or another? How have issues of race, class, and gender figured in various interpretations of the aspiration? Are there nationalist or nativist undertones in some or all versions of the hallucination? Can, or sh ould, the prevailing interpretation of the American pipe dream survive into the 21st century?To engage students on issues where they feel they have some stake and where they already know something, we approach these questions not in the abstract but as they have confronted us in three major areas of public controversy. EconomyWe ask whether the American conceive of has been associated with the rise of a large and prosperous middle class, and if that version of the Dream is threatened by economic changes currently underway. What kinds of economic conditions are needed to support the Dream? Who can, or should, participate in such prosperity?What is the meaning of participation in an economy, and how is that participation related to different notions of citizenship and community? This unit of the course introduces the basic market model, emphasizing individual choice and the role of prices as transmitters of both information and incentives. We present the case for the proposition th at, in the absence of external intervention, individuals acting in pursuit of their own self-interest will realize through market institutions the most cost-efficient tryst of resources.This implies a limited role for government and a tolerance for the economic and political inequalities which are intrinsic to a system of individualized incentives. We present the classic critique of governmental policies aimed at fostering great equality such policies are counterproductive insofar as they distort price signals and undermine incentives for the efficient allocation of resources, and are undesirable since they restrict individual liberty.On this view, then, the American Dream entails the protection of individual rights and liberties and a system of opportunity in which individuals are rewarded in proportion to their hard work and merit. America became a wealthy and powerful world leader through the pursuit of this vision of the Dream and, to the tip that we have in recent decades e xperienced diminished opportunity, prosperity and power, it is because we have strayed from the original version of the Dream.We also present in this unit a view of the American Dream of individual reward and prosperity as embedded in sets of social institutions which unequally al prove power, wealth and knowledge, and which limit opportunities for meaningful self-government. These inequalities are woven through relations of class, race, and gender, and have intensified in recent years as the American economy has become more polarized in terms of power, income and wealth. This view offers its own vision of the American Dream, one which has markedly different political implications from the first view.The political horizon projected by this vision of the Dream constitutes a community of actively self-governing citizens. To the extent that economic institutions foster inequalities which preclude the realization of this Dream of participatory democracy for all citizens, institutional r eforms aimed at equalization and democratization are warranted. We then explore some of the reforms proposed by critics of the contemporary American political economy, as well as the concerns which a more individualistic perspective would raise about those proposed reforms.EducationWe look at education as a tract to a better life for individuals, or as a prerequisite of an actively self-governing community. What kind of educational system do we need in order to fulfill different versions of the Dream? How are different visions of citizenship implicated in contemporary debates about educational reform? We explore problems of unequal access to quality education, both in K-12 public schools and at the college level.We examine analyses which argue that some Americans receive very well education at public expense, while there are entire classes of citizens who are not provided with education adequate to enable effective participation in public deliberations, and thereby become disempow ered, second-class citizens. Accordingly, some prescribe a more centralized and uniform administration of public education in order to eliminate the grossest inequalities and insure for all citizens the equal protection of the laws promised by the Fourteenth Amendment.We also explore arguments which locate the problems of public school systems in over-centralized and bureaucratized administrations, and which prescribe institutional reforms which move education closer to a rivalrous market model based upon consumer sovereignty and choice. Finally, we grapple with the dilemmas of affirmative action in college admissions, and ask how a liberal individualist society can cope with persistent inequalities of race in higher education. EnvironmentWe look at the blood between the intrinsic environment and the American Dream.Can the prevailing vision of the Dream coexist with a healthy environment? Can we imagine more environmentally friendly versions of the Dream? What would be the broade r social and political implications of enacting a more environmentally sustainable vision of the American Dream? We examine the anthropocentric view of nature as having value only insofar as it serves gentle purposes, and which further suggests that the market mechanism is the best way to determine to what extent humans should exploit the natural environment. Establishing property rights over natural resources creates a direct incentive for their wise management.Further, the price signals and incentives of the market will call forth effective substitutes in response to resource shortages and new technologies which may minimize or eliminate our costliest environmental problems. This free market environmentalism is entirely consistent with the individualistic vision of the American Dream, shiny consumers a world in which self-interested market behavior continues to generate high standards of living into the indefinite future. This view is encapsulated in Jay Lennos snack chip advert isement Eat all you want well make more.In contrast to this market-based view, we also examine the perspective of environmentalists who suggest that our relationship with nature is best viewed not in terms of the instrumental exploitation of an external object, but rather as a necessary aspect of any sustainable human community. On this view, then, our obligation as citizens of the community extends to future generations, and we moldiness make environmental decisions based upon social norms of long-term sustainability. Such decisions cannot be made through the instrumental calculus of the market, but must instead be made through processes of public deliberation.This, in turn, requires institutions to support such processes of democratic deliberation and citizens competent to participate in them, and thus also suggests certain linkages to the other units of our course. In addressing each of these critical issues we hope to lead students to ask What does the American Dream promise? Do es it mean individual liberty? Does it mean democracy? Does it mean equality? Does it mean opportunity for material success? A middle class standard of living for most, if not all, citizens? The freedom to succeed or to hand out? Freedom from oppression or poverty? Is it a promise of a better life for individuals?A better society in which all of us can live? Is mass consumption a necessary centerpiece of the Dream, or might it involve a more harmonious and balanced relationship with nature? What can, or should, we expect from the American Dream now and in the future? And what do those expectations mean for our own practices of citizenship? In these ways, we try to encourage our students to see this course as being about themselves, their political community and their future. In that sense, the course as a whole represents an invitation to enter into the public deliberations which are at the heart of various understandings of citizenship.ReflectionsI came to these special courses wi th some modest experience of teaching discussion-oriented and writing-intensive courses. After an introduction to the teaching profession which involved lecturing three times a week to faceless crowds of 250 or so students, I was fortunate to be able to teach international relations for several years in the Syracuse University Honors Program. These were some of the best students at Syracuse, accustomed to putting serious effort into their education and expecting a more intensive learning experience.It was exhilarating, a whole new kind of teaching for me the students were eager to learn and it seemed as though all I had to do was present them with some challenging material and prompt them with a few provocative questions and off they went, teaching each other and, in the process, teaching me about teaching. Eventually, though, I began to feel a nagging sense of guilt, inchoate at first, increasingly clear by and by on. I was doing my best teaching with those students who least need ed my help. In that sense, I began to feel that I wasnt really doing my job.Then I was offered the opportunity to join the Maxwell courses. Reflecting back now on five years of continuous teaching with these very special courses, the thing from which I derive the greatest rejoicing is that we have been able to create for a cross-section of first and second year students a learning experience very much like that which was previously the privilege of Honors students. In that sense, our courses have been about the democratization of education, as well as the education of democratization.